Emergency Triage

Assessment

and

Treatment

(ETAT)

Facilitator

Guide

World Health

Organization

For further information, please contact:

Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development (CAH)

World Health Organization

20, Avenue Appia

1211 Geneva 27

Switzerland

Tel: +41 22 791 2632

Fax: +41 22 791 4853

E-mail: cah@who.int

Web site: http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health

ISBN 92 4 154688 3

Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT) Facilitator Guide WHO

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Emergency Triage

Assessment

and

Treatment

(ETAT)

Facilitator

Guide

World Health

Organization

Acknowledgements

The WHO Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development wishes to acknowledge the

help and support of Professor Elizabeth Molyneux, who developed the training course for the Emergency

Triage Assessment and Treatment on which these course materials are based. We would like to extend our

thanks to Dr. Jan Eshuis, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, and Dr Carolyn Maclennan, Royal Children’s

Hospiral, Melbourne, Australia, who developed the training materials further. In addition, we are grateful

to the participants and facilitators of several field tests of these materials for their comments. We wish to

thank Dr. Diana Silimperi and Lauri Winter, Quality Assurance Project, Bethesda, USA for providing

substantial comments and revisions during these field tests, and the WHO Regional Offices for Africa,

Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific for their support.

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Emergency triage assessment and treatment (ETAT).

Contents: Manual for participants — Facilitator guide.

1. Triage. 2. Emergency treatment. 3. Child health services. 4. Teaching materials. I. World Health

Organization.

ISBN 92 4 154687 5 (participants) (NLM classification: WS 205)

ISBN 92 4 154688 3 (facilitator)

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Printed in

III

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Table of contents

Introduction 1

Preparing for the training course 2

Preparation steps 3

Decide on specific course objectives 3

Selection of the course director 3

Selection of the facilitators 3

Selection of the facilitator candidates 3

Selection of the training site 3

Prepare the budget 4

Draft agenda 4

Training materials 4

Recruitment of consultants 4

Obtain necessary authorizations and clearances 4

Selection of participants 5

Invitation of participants and sending out of participants' manuals 5

Planning for the opening session 5

Press release 5

Guidelines for all chapters 6

Introduction of ETAT theory 6

Conducting drills 6

When demonstrating procedures and guiding clinical practice 6

Clinical practice 6

Practical sessions 7

Participant's checklist of practical experiences 7

Practical sessions completed 8

Assessment questions 8

ETAT course test 8

ETAT modules 8

Module One: Triage and the "ABCD" concept 9

Module overview 9

Objectives 9

Materials 9

Contents of Day 1: Module 1 10

Drill 1 11

Module Two: Airway and breathing 13

Module overview 13

Objectives 13

Materials 13

Contents of Day 1: Module 2 14

Module Three: Circulation 19

Module overview 19

Objectives 19

Materials 19

Contents of Day 2: Review and Module 3 20

Drill 2: Oral drill on flow of triage assessment 23

Exercise A on "Severe malnutrition" 23

Module Four: Coma and convulsion 25

Module overview 25

Objectives 25

Materials 25

Contents of Day 2: Module 4 26

Exercise B: Video exercise AVPU coma score 29

Drill 3: Determine correct doses 29

Module Five: Dehydration 31

Module overview 31

Objectives 31

Materials 31

Contents of Day 3: Review, clinical practice and Module 5 32

Drill 4: Oral drill on flow of triage assessment 35

Exercise C: Answer table to video exercise 36

Drill 5 for treatment plan C 37

Flow Chart 1: Management of the child with severe dehydration 38

Case scenarios table A for group work (children with shock or severe dehydration with

or without severe malnutrition) 39

Module Six: Case management scenarios 41

Module overview 41

Objectives 41

Materials 41

Contents of Day 3: Module 6 42

Case management scenarios table B 44

Module Seven: Implementing ETAT 53

Module overview 53

Objectives 53

Materials 53

Contents of Day 4: Module 7 54

ETAT Standards 55

Annexes

Annex 1: Generic agenda for a four-day training on ETAT 57

Annex 2: Supplies and equipment for ETAT course 61

Annex 3: Training participants in triage only and ETAT and IMCI 63

Annex 4: Participant's checklists 65

Annex 5: Answers to ETAT assessment questions 67

Annex 6: Evaluation 79

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Introduction

The Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT) course is designed to

familiarize health workers with the ETAT guidelines and to provide them with

the necessary knowledge and skills for applying the guidelines. After participating

in the course health workers will be able to:

 Triage all sick children when they arrive at a health facility, into three

categories:

- those with emergency signs

- those with priority signs

- those who are non-urgent cases.

 Assess a child’s airway and breathing and give emergency treatments.

 Assess the child’s status of circulation and level of consciousness.

 Manage shock, coma, and convulsions in a child.

 Assess and manage severe dehydration in a child with diarrhoea.

 Plan and implement ETAT in their working area and respective health

facility.

These ETAT guidelines are adapted from the Advanced Paediatric Life Support

(APLS) guidelines used in many countries. ETAT guidelines identify children

with immediate life-threatening conditions that are most frequently seen in

developing countries, such as obstruction of the airway and breathing problems,

shock, altered central nervous system function (coma or convulsions), and severe

dehydration. The standards of care of the ETAT guidelines correspond to the

minimum standards that should be maintained even in small hospitals and where

resources are limited. The principles for triaging are universally applicable and

should not be modified, while the criteria for priority cases are more dependent

on the local epidemiology or services available. It may be necessary to adapt the

priority signs of the ETAT guidelines to obtain an appropriate balance between

priority and normal cases. If emergency treatment is provided according to the

guidelines outlined in the course, it will be possible to stabilize most critically

sick children and to manage the underlying condition. Thus, ETAT is a tool to

reduce facility mortality rates, particularly in the first 24-hours.

You should consider teaching the ETAT course if:

 you have noticed that facility mortality rates in the first 24-hours are high

 delays occur from the time that sick children reach a health facility to

when they receive appropriate treatment

 no system for triage is in place

INTRODUCTION

ETAT can be introduced in the context of a systematic approach to improving

the quality of care of children in hospital that involves multiple hospitals sharing

experiences. Otherwise your hospital may choose to implement ETAT on its

own.

Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT) can be applied everywhere

where sick children are managed but the guidelines are most useful for busy

first-level health facilities and outpatient departments of hospitals. It is important

to have a programmatic approach to decide which health facilities or departments

require the ETAT course. In general any formally trained health worker, who is

likely to receive patients soon after they arrive at the facility should be trained

in the entire ETAT course, whereas non-clinical staff should be trained in

emergency triage only. For formally trained health workers the standard course

is conducted while a reduced version is taught for non-clinical staff.

Preparing for the training course

The steps necessary to prepare well for the ETAT course are laid out in Figure 1.

How much time the individual activities take will depend on whether it is the

first time that such a course is organised in your setting or if ETAT is already

well established. If it is the first time, you should plan at least two months

ahead. The following list will give you all necessary information for each step.

Figure 1 Course preparations

Release funds

Arrange

training site

Recruit consultants

Obtain necessary authorizations clearances

Select participants

Send out ETAT manuals

Invite participants

Plan for opening

Pay per diem

Press release

ETAT Course

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

Draft agenda

Selection of :

- course director,

- instructors,

- instructor candidates,

- training site

Decide on specific

course objectives

Prepare budget

Prepare training materials. Important! Plan for:

- Translation of course modules

- Collect materials and supplied including ordering of

resuscitation dolls

Weeks around the course

Select

instructor

candidates

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

PREPARATION STEPS

 Decide on specific course objectives

Decide on the specific course objectives. Whether you plan to conduct

the entire ETAT course for health workers or whether you want to train

non-clinical staff in emergency triage only, will influence the selection of

course directors and facilitators, the size of the course, the selection of

participants and the budget for the course.

 Selection of the course director

The course director should be an experienced clinician with working

experience in paediatrics or emergency medicine who has acted as facilitator

of the ETAT course several times, at least once under the guidance of

another experienced course director. A course director should have

conducted a course or acted as facilitator at least once in the last twelve

months. If a suitable course director is not available in your setting, you

have to plan well in advance in order to identify and recruit a suitable

course director.

 Selection of the facilitators

The number of facilitators depends on the size of your course. There

should be at least one experienced facilitator for each group of 6 to 8

participants. Facilitators for the ETAT course should be health professionals

with clinical experience. They should have gone through the ETAT course

themselves and have acted at least once as facilitator candidate under the

guidance of an experienced facilitator. In order to maintain their skills, a

facilitator should participate in at least one ETAT course per year. If there

are not sufficient facilitators available, you have to plan well in advance

to build up this capacity, either by sending facilitator candidates elsewhere

to be trained as facilitators or by recruiting them.

 Selection of the facilitator candidates

In order to be able to act as facilitators for the ETAT course a candidate

must have gone through the ETAT course as a participant and expressed

interest in facilitating an ETAT course. The candidate should be

recommended as facilitator candidate by an ETAT course director, who is

familiar with this person’s capabilities. Any facilitator candidate should

be familiar with the facilitation techniques used in the course. This is

usually the case for persons who have undergone the Integrated

Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Facilitators Training Course.

Any other training of trainers courses that includes facilitation techniques

such as those for the Breastfeeding Counselling Course will provide

appropriate skills. One experienced ETAT facilitator should supervise one

to a maximum of two facilitator candidates. During each ETAT course,

potential facilitator candidates should be identified and the names be

communicated to ETAT course organizers.

 Selection of the training site

Select a site for the training with a supply of severely ill children and

classroom space. Paediatric hospitals with a busy outpatient department

or a general hospital, which sees a considerable number of paediatric

patients in its outpatient department should be chosen. There should be

one room big enough to fit all participants for plenary sessions. Also,

INTRODUCTION

there should be a classroom for the practical sessions with a table around

which each group of six to eight participants can collect.

 Prepare the budget

For preparing the budget please consider the following points:

- Per diem for participants

- Per diem or remunerations for resource persons (course director,

facilitators, facilitator candidates)

- Travel costs

- Training materials, including those to be ordered internationally

- Audiovisual equipment, such as video recorder, television screen,

LCD and/or overhead projector etc. (see list of training materials)

- Banners, course certificates, refreshments

 Draft agenda

The standard agenda of the ETAT course is a three and a half-days as

shown in Annex 1. Prepare an agenda based on the background of the

participants and the available time. More practice in practical sessions

and with patients will enable participants to develop more accuracy,

confidence, speed and ease with assessment and treatments, so it is better

to have a course of at least three and a half days in duration.

 Training materials

Collect all training materials and supplies necessary for conducting the

course. For a complete list of all necessary training materials refer to the

checklist in Annex 2.

Some training materials such as the resuscitation dolls might not be

available locally. Please plan well in advance for any international

procurement. Resuscitation dolls are expensive and if resources are limited

at least 2 sets including both a child and infant doll should be made

available at a central location in the country and released for each ETAT

course. Other materials for the ETAT course should be available in first

level health facilities or prepared for the course. It is recommended that a

box containing a full set of all equipment is made available for each group

for all practical sessions, thus avoiding having to prepare specific equipment

for each session (Practical session box, Annex 2). Each participant should

have a copy of the participants’ manual and each facilitator or facilitator

candidate should have a facilitator’s guide.

If you would like to include other priority signs, allow enough time to

make those modifications and obtain their endorsement. If the ETAT

materials are not available in the working language of your setting, please

plan well in advance for the translation and editing.

 Recruitment of consultants

If any resource persons such as the course director or facilitators need to

be recruited as consultants, allow sufficient time for the recruitment.

 Obtain necessary authorizations and clearances

The authorizations of the relevant authorities should be obtained. These

include typically the Ministry of Health and local health authorities. The

director of the hospital chosen as training site, should authorize that the

course is conducted in the facility under her/his responsibility. Consultants

might require Government and or security clearance.

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

 Selection of participants

As there are two different target groups for the ETAT course, different

criteria for the selection of participants apply as shown in the table below.

More information on training in triage assessment only, is provided in

Annex 3:A. Some participants in the ETAT course will have completed

training on the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness for first-level health

workers. This will be helpful for the participant and will partly serve as

revision of some knowledge (see Annex 3:B).

Eighteen to 24 participants divided into three groups of 6 to 8 can be

trained in one ETAT course provided that there are at least three facilitators

including one course director and three classrooms. It is desirable that

there is another person, possibly a facilitator candidate, per small group.

 Invitation of participants and sending out of participants’

manuals

Participants should be invited several weeks in advance. They should also

obtain the participants’ manual in advance and be instructed to read it

before attending the course. This enables more time spent on practising

skills and clarifying issues.

 Planning for the opening session

It may be useful to invite policy makers or senior officials of the Ministry

of Health, representatives from international or bilateral agencies (e.g.

WHO or UNICEF) or representatives from professional organizations

such as from the national medical and or nursing association or the national

paediatric society.

 Press release

Visibility becomes more and more important. Therefore, consideration

should be given to issuing a press release on the course, particularly if it is

the first one or part of a larger quality improvement approach.

Selection criteria

Number of participants

ETAT course:

Health professionals who are likely

to manage sick children soon after

they come to a health facility, such

as:

- Emergency room staff

- Paediatricians and surgeons

- Any physicians with on-call

duties

Teachers of medical and nursing

schools as well as health

professionals for in-service training

programmes

18 to 24 participants divided into

three groups of 6 to 8

Emergency Triage Assessment only:

Any staff likely to have contacts with sick

children soon after they arrive in hospital. For

example:

- Watchmen,

- Gate keepers,

- Administrative staff,

- Drivers

18 to 24 participants divided into three

groups of 6 to 8

INTRODUCTION

Guidelines for all chapters

INTRODUCTION OF ETAT THEORY

The ETAT course suggests that participants receive the ETAT manual before the

course begins. It is recognised that this may not always be possible and that

participants may only receive material at the beginning of the course. Participants

should also read each evening, the material relevant for the following day.

Facilitators need to consider what individual preparation the participants have

undertaken when introducing sessions in plenary particularly on the first day of

the course. There are several possibilities.

 Participants pre-read ETAT material and facilitator provides short

summary during the course

 No pre-reading: short lecture on the session’s content

 No pre-reading: reading sessions during the course

CONDUCTING DRILLS

During the ETAT course, facilitators will be conducting several drills. These are

group exercises designed to quickly review material presented during the course

and to perform calculations of fluid volumes and drugs necessary in emergency

management of sick children. Participants are given sufficient information to

answer the question and depending on the drill they may refer to the ETAT

charts and tables. Participants should be informed that they may use pencil and

paper to do quick calculations. Each participant is asked a question in turn and

you should praise the participant for a correct answer. If a participant gives an

incorrect answer, ask the next participant to answer. If you feel one or more

participants do not understand, pause to explain. Then resume the drill. To

keep the drill lively, encourage participants to be prepared to answer as quickly

as they can. Keep the drill moving at a quick pace. Repeat the list of questions

for each drill or make up additional questions if you believe participants need

more practice. The drill ends when you believe that all participants are skilled

and comfortable with the material reviewed in the drill.

WHEN DEMONSTRATING PROCEDURES AND GUIDING CLINICAL PRACTICE

 Gather the participants together close to the demonstration

 Explain what you are going to demonstrate, use job aids such as

flowcharts or treatment boxes

 Demonstrate the skill and describe the steps in the correct order

 At the end of your demonstration, give participants an opportunity to

ask any questions before they begin practicing with patients

 Check the participants knowledge by asking them to repeat the

necessary steps

 Provide immediate feedback and correct any mistakes

 For some skills, ask one of the participants to demonstrate for his/her

colleagues

Clinical Practice

The facilitator and group of participants should wait for children to arrive in the

emergency room. As children arrive, the facilitator assigns them sequentially to

participants. The assigned participant quickly assesses the child, speaking aloud

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

his findings and the treatments indicated. Other participants who are not assessing

a child should watch the assessment. Participants should practice doing the

steps relevant to the session’s objectives with as many children as possible.

Observe each participant working with his assigned patient. Make sure he is

doing the clinical skills correctly. Provide specific feedback and guidance as often

as necessary. Remark on things that are done well and give additional guidance

when improvement is needed.

PRACTICAL SESSIONS

The practical sessions for this course will take place in small groups. Each group

will have an area set up for demonstrating and practicing a particular skill. The

practice area should have all the necessary supplies and equipment for all practical

sessions collected together in one box (Practical session box). The facilitator

needs to ensure each day that the box is complete and then teach the specific

skills and observe participants practicing the skills. Since it is not possible to

use sick children for this repeated practice of skills required in the ETAT course,

this must be provided through the practical sessions. There must be simulation

of the situation to some extent. For example, an animal leg instead of a human

leg, or a doll or diagram instead of a child may be used.

The facilitator’s guidelines describe the objectives, materials and contents of

each module and what facilitators need to do in each module. These guidelines

are intended to provide helpful suggestions and structure, but should not limit

a creative teacher. The purpose of the practical sessions is to give information

and practice by showing and doing. The more participants are involved with the

equipment and “hands on” participation in this simulated situation, the better

prepared they will be when they confront real patients.

If a participant is not able to successfully perform the skill, the facilitator gives

him guidance about what to do differently and he then tries again. The participant

should repeat as needed until he can successfully perform the skill.

If a participant is having repeated difficulty, the facilitator will ask him to watch

while another participant performs the skill. This should help the participant

see what he is doing wrong.

PARTICIPANT’S CHECKLIST OF PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES

Each participant is given a checklist (see Annex 4: A), to keep and use throughout

the training. Participants can monitor their own clinical practice experience by

marking on a checklist the clinical signs that they observe. They will mark clinical

signs that they have seen in children during a demonstration or during clinical

practice.

Ask participants to let a facilitator know after 2 clinical sessions if there are

clinical signs that they are lacking. The facilitator can then be alert to this so

that when a case with a clinical sign presents, he can ensure participants see the

case. The facilitator will also keep this in mind when selecting children for

demonstration and assigning cases in the clinical sessions so that all participants

have opportunity to gain the experience they need.

INTRODUCTION

PRACTICAL SESSIONS COMPLETED

When a participant completes a skill, the facilitator will initial the participant’s

practical skills checklist (see Annex 4: B). Participants can track their progress

using the checklist. Facilitators can also assess a participant’s progress at a glance.

Assessment questions

At the end of each module in the participant’s manual there are assessment

questions, this enables participants to monitor their progress during the ETAT

course. Model answers to these questions are provided in Annex 5.

ETAT course test

Countries implementing ETAT may wish to introduce a test at the end of the

ETAT course. Candidates would require to pass this test to ensure that they are

competent in ETAT and specific competency certificates would then be issued

to those passing the test. It is suggested that the test is a clinical scenario on

managing a sick child presenting to a health facility. To introduce a test would

require addition of ½ day to the current 3 and ½ day course.

ETAT modules

The ETAT facilitator’s guide is presented as 7 modules. This allows the course

to be taught in an alternative format. For example, the contents of the ETAT

course could be taught in 2-hour sessions over several weeks. This would be

useful in busy hospitals where many children are seen in the morning and when

things are quieter later in the afternoon. In this way participants could learn

new knowledge and skills but not be absent from their place of work. Also the

new skills could be immediately practiced in the real working environment of

participant’s own department.

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Triage and the "ABCD"

concept

Module One

 General introductions

 Introduce module objectives

 Review the ‘Triage’ concept

 Review the ABCD concept

 Review the priority signs concept

 Review triaging process

 Review the emergency and priority Signs

 Review the general principles of treatment of emergencies

 Conduct drill on emergency and triage

z To understand the definition of triage

z To understand and to apply the “ABCD” Concept

 Computer with LCD projector or overhead projector

 ETAT wall charts

 Overheads or powerpoint presentations

 Doll for drill

MODULE OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVES

MATERIALS

MODULE ONE - TRIAGE AND THE "ABCD" CONCEPT

CONTENTS OF DAY 1: MODULE 1

Time

Start 8:00

5 mins

Start 9:00

10 mins

End 10:00

10:00-10:15

Start 10:15

10 mins

5mins

Finish 10:30

Activities

Opening

Introduction: Welcome participants and facilitators.

Everyone introduces themselves.

Present the module objectives

Review the concept of triage

Ask participants, if they have read Module 1 of the ETAT

Participants Manual. Depending on how many have read

the module, spend more or less time presenting the

rational and concept of triage. Allow questions about the

triage concept, answer them or, if appropriate refer to later

sessions of the course.

Review the ABCD concept

Emphasis that each letter relates to an emergency sign

indicating that immediate attention is required. Ask who

is familiar with the ABCD concept to get an impression of

the participants familiarity with the subject. Allow

questions and answer them or, if appropriate refer to later

sessions of the course.

Review the priority signs concept

Would partipicants suggest other priority signs in their

settings?

Review triaging process

Ask participants when and where should triage take place,

who should triage and how to triage? Review the triage

steps as contained in the table of page 8 of the ETAT

manual.

Review the emergency and priority signs

Facilitator present or ask a participant to go through

ETAT chart 1.

Review the general principles of treatment of

emergencies

Tea

Conduct drill on emergency and triage

Summary

Methods, resources,

comments

Overhead/LCD

Questions and

answers

Overhead/LCD

Questions and

answers

Overhead/LCD

ETAT wall chart 1

Interactive session

ETAT wall chart 1

Interactive session

Overhead/LCD

Drill 1

Resuscitation doll

Overhead/LCD

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

DRILL 1

Tell participant

Mother running in, baby in

arms

A and B stable, assess C

A and B stable, circulation

stable

A and B stable, circulation

stable

A and B stable, circulation

stable

A adn B stable, circulation

stable

A and B and C stable

A and B and C and D stable

Findings

Obstructed breathing

Central cyanosis

Severe respiratory distress

Warm hand

Cold hand

Capillary refill fast

Capillary refill slow

Alert child

Convulsing child

Lethargy

Unconscious child

No diarrhoea

Child is very hot

No priority signs

Correct response

Assess A and B

Go to emergency

Assess consciousness

Assess capillary refill

Assess consciousness

Check pulse

Ask for diarrhoea

Go to emergency

Assess for diarrhoea and

dehydration

Go to emergency

Assess priority signs

Priority patient

Child waits in queue

MODULE ONE - TRIAGE AND THE "ABCD" CONCEPT

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Airway and breathing

Module Two

 Summarise assess airway and manage choking child

 Demonstrations: management of choking child, assessment and

management of airway and breathing, neck stabilisation, log roll,

positioning the child to open the airway

 Video to demonstrate signs

 Show oxygen video (oxygen delivery), demonstrate oxygen

concentrator and cylinder

 Practical sessions

 Summary: Review the module, give assignments, reading on all "C"

signs and self assessments on A and B

z Assessment of airway

z Assessment of breathing

z Management of the choking child

z Management of the airway

- positioning of the child to open the airway

- neck stabilisation

- log roll

z Management of breathing

z Ventilation with bag and mask

z Giving oxygen

 Computer with LCD projector or overhead projector

 Video player and TV screen

 ETAT video

 Photographs of clinical signs

 ETAT wall charts 2-5

 Overheads or powerpoint presentations

MODULE OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVES

MATERIALS

continue next page

MODULE TWO - AIRWAY AND BREATHING

MATERIALS  Practical session box including:

- Resuscitation dolls

- Materials for stabilizing the neck, infusion bottles, tight roll

of towel, tape

- Oro-pharyngeal airways in several sizes

- Self inflating bags of different sizes

- Face masks of varying sizes

- Oxygen and equipment for delivering oxygen from an

oxygen cylinder (spanner or key wheel, regulator with

pressure gauge, flow control device, and non-crush plastic

tubing) or from an oxygen concentrator (non-crush plastic

oxygen delivery tubing).

- Oxygen tubing

- Nasal prongs and/or nasal catheter

- Tape

- Electric of foot suction pump

- Yanker sucker

- Suction catheter

CONTENTS OF DAY 1: MODULE 2

Time

Start 10:30

15 mins

Activities

Presentation of "Airway and Breathing"

- Present module objectives

Demonstrate the airway and breathing section of chart 2

- Summarize the links to the following charts 3 and 4

- Invite and answer any questions on the topic

Management of choking child

Facilitator demonstrates:

- Assess history of choking child

- Recognize signs of a choking child

- Do back slaps and chest thrusts in infants, use doll

- Give back blows and perform Heimlich maneouvre on

older child, simulate on adult volunteer

Methods, resources,

comments

Plenary session

ETAT charts 2 - 5

Plenary session

ETAT chart 2

Demonstration using

dolls and participant

volunteer

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Time

20 mins

Methods, resources,

comments

Plenary session

ETAT chart 3 and 5

Suction pump

Gauze

Oro-pharyngeal

airways

Plenary session

ETAT chart 3 and 5

IV fluid bottles (to

stabilise neck) or

towels

Tape

Demonstration with

doll and volunteer

Plenary session

ETAT chart 4

Resuscitation doll

Self-inflating bags

Masks of different

sizes

Oxygen tubing

Activities

Assessment and management of airway

Facilitator explains and demonstrates:

- how to assess the airway

 Is the child breathing?

 Does the child have severe respiratory distress?

 Is there obstruction to airflow?

- steps to manage the airway and their sequence

- steps if child is not breathing or breathing appears to

be obstructed

- positioning to improve airway

 Chin lift to open the airway if no trauma

 Infants – neutral position

 Children – sniffing position

- where to look for foreign body (mouth, pharynx)

- what to use to clear secretions from the throat (finger,

finger wrapped in gauze, or mechanical suction device

if available)

- steps of managing the airway if child is breathing with

no apparent obstruction (let child assume position of

maximal comfort; support infant's head in neutral

position)

- steps for insertion of an oropharyngeal airway

Manage the airway in a child with possible neck

trauma

Facilitator explains and demonstrates:

- how management of the airway differs if the child has

suspected head or neck trauma

 jaw thrust without head tilt, used when trauma is

suspected

- steps to stabilize the cervical spine

- log roll

Ventilate with bag and mask

Facilitator explains and demonstrates:

- when to use a bag and mask to ventilate the child

(child's breathing is very shallow, or slow, or

obstructed, or child is not breathing.)

- steps for using a bag and mask to ventilate the child

- correct rate of ventilation (oxygen flow should be 10

litres/minute, or as high as possible in a concentrator)

- if chest does not rise and fall when using bag and mask,

possible causes to investigate:

 Inappropriate head/jaw position

 Mouth is closed

 Insufficient pressure on bag

 Mucous, blood, foreign body in airway

 Poor seal between mouth and face

MODULE TWO - AIRWAY AND BREATHING

Time

15 mins

12:45

Start 14:00

30 mins

15 mins

Activities

- when and how to stop ventilation (stop after a few

minutes; look to see if child revives and starts to

breathe spontaneously. If not breathing adequately,

continue for 45 minutes or according to decision of

clinician.)

Allow questions and answers

Review practice

Ask individual participants to demonstrate in front of

others:

- Management of the choking child

- Opening airways

- Ventilation with bag and mask

- Positioning of the child with possible neck trauma

Lunch break

Demonstration of clinical signs for giving oxygen, and

severe respiratory distress

Show video sequences of

- Cyanosis

- Severe respiratory distress

- Very fast breathing

- Severe lower chest wall indrawing

- Use of auxiliary muscles

- Stridor

- Grunting

Discuss the signs and the relation to respiratory distress

Explain and demonstrate oxygen sources

- Correct equipment for delivering oxygen from an

oxygen cylinder (spanner or key wheel, regulator with

pressure gauge, flow control device, and non-crush

plastic oxygen delivery tubing)

- Equipment needed if oxygen source is to be used for

more than one child (a 4-way adaptor and additional

flow control devices, tubing)

- Correct equipment for delivering oxygen from an

oxygen concentrator (non-crush plastic oxygen delivery

tubing) and if source is to be used for more than one

child (a flow splitter, 0.5 and 1.0 litre/minute nozzles,

blanking plugs and flow indicators, with additional

tubing)

- Steps for assembling the equipment, checking that it is

working properly (covered already by the video.)

- There must be no smoking in the room when oxygen is

being used.

Methods, resources,

comments

Practical skills

demonstration

Equipment as above

ETAT chart 2

Video of respiratory

signs

Show cylinder and

concentrator, if

possible

Show sequence from

video

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Time

5 mins

Finish 15:00

15:00

Start 15:15

90 mins

15 mins

Finish 17:00

30 mins

Activities

Explain and demonstrate oxygen delivery devices

- Circumstances in which nasal catheter or nasal prongs

are preferable (usually individual preference/comfort

with procedure)

- Correct position for nasal prongs, taped in place just

above the upper lip

- Appropriate tube (8FG size tube) for a nasal catheter

- How and where to measure to determine how much of

the tube to insert

- How to insert the tube into the nasal passage

- How to secure it with tape (good place to tape it)

- Proper flow rate for oxygen (0.5-1 litres per minute for

infants and 1-2 litres per minute for older children for

nasal prongs or nasal catheter; 8-10 litres for bag/

mask). If oxygen is not available, use room air, but

oxygen is preferable

- Position and secure nasal prongs

- Measure how much of a nasal catheter to insert (length

from side of nostril to the inner eyebrow margin)

- Insert the nasal catheter and secure it with tape

- Assemble appropriate equipment to deliver oxygen

- Check that there is oxygen in tank

- Show how to check the flow rate of the oxygen (2 litres

per minute to start)

Tea

Group work to practice skills

The participants practice all skills in small groups with the

guidance of the facilitators, who give short scenarios for

the participants to act on.

- Triage for airways and breathing

- Management of choking child

- Opening airways

- Opening airways in neck trauma and log roll

- Insert an oropharyngeal airway

- Ventilate with bag and mask

- Give Oxygen

Facilitator summarises airway and breathing section, Ask

for questions and allow discussion.

Give assignments, reading on all "C" signs.

Self- assessment questions on triage, A and B

Facilitators meeting

- Meet with facilitators, review day, ask for comments

and impressions, areas to improve

- Prepare for clinical session; identify severe cases on

wards

- Order chicken thighs

Methods, resources,

comments

Equipment as above

Show actual tubing

Show sequence from

video

Demonstrate on doll

Practical group session

box including airway

and breathing

equipment

If only few dolls are

available, the different

sizes need to be

rotated through the

groups

Presentation and

questions and answers

Refer to participants

manual

MODULE TWO - AIRWAY AND BREATHING

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Circulation

Module Three

 Plenary session

 Assessment questions "Airway and Breathing"

 Summarise Circulation

 Oral drill, "Airway and Breathing" and assessment Circulation and

Consciousness;

 Clinical session at OPD, practicing triage and assessment

 Demonstrations management of shock: IV fluids, demonstration of

IV access and intraosseous infusion, calculation of shock fluids

 Practical sessions

 Summarize the circulation section

z Assess circulation in a child at the OPD or emergency room

z List the signs of a shocked child

z Treat a shocked child with appropriate fluids and volume

z Explain where and how to achieve IV access

z Demonstrate on a model how to insert an intraosseous needle for

fluids

 Computer with LCD projector or overhead projector

 Video player and TV screen

 Overheads or powerpoint presentations

 Practical session box including:

- IV bottles, tubing and burettes, tape

- 21g "green" IV needle or a stout spinal needle (i.e., large gauge)

- 3-way taps x 2

- Syringes 10 cc or 20 cc x 2

- IV bottles, tubing and burettes, tape, blood tubes

- Alcohol wipe or other spirit to clean skin

MODULE OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVES

MATERIALS

continue next page

MODULE THREE - CIRCULATION

CONTENTS OF DAY 2: REVIEW AND MODULE 3

Time

Start 8:00

15 mins

Start 8:30

90 mins

10:00

Start 10:15

5 mins

15 mins

Activities

Revise assessment questions for triage, airway and

breathing

Discuss answers to questions. Ask for comments; refer

to the main text in participant's manual, clarify if

needed.

Oral drill on triage

Clinical session in OPD and on inpatient ward

Tea

Present objectives of module 3

Explain that each objective will be presented in more

detail later in the session

Summarise circulation

Facilitator should now present the section on

circulation (see pages 24-30 of participants manual).

Facilitator should present information on an overhead

or power-point including:

- Assess the circulation

- Shock

- Treatment of shock in the child with and without

severe malnutrition

Methods, resources,

comments

Plenary session

Participants manual

Answers in facilitators

manual Annex 5

(photocopied for all

participants)

Drill 2

Resuscitation doll

Facilitator may use drill

below or make up own

examples

Practicing flow of triage

in OPD session

Plenary session

Overheads or

powerpoint

Plenary session

Overheads or

powerpoint

ETAT charts 1, 6 and 7

Tables 3 and 4 of

participants manual

(p29 and 30)

MATERIALS  Resuscitation doll

 Diagram of a child's body with veins (Figure 33, page 59

Participant’s manual)

 ETAT charts 6 and 7 (charts for treatment of shock)

 Paper and pencils for calculations

 Food colouring

 Water

 Tray (preferably metal) to practice intraosseous insertion

 Table or surface on which to teach, demonstrate and trainees to

practice

 Chicken thigh bones (or other animal bone, young pig ribs)

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Time

10 mins

20 mins

Activities

Reference should be made to the appropriate ETAT

charts (6 and 7) and how these can be used in the

emergency setting

Finally show tables 3 and 4 so that participants may

see differences in treatment of shock in the child with

and without severe malnutrition

Exercise on "severe malnutrition"

The facilitator should introduce an exercise on "severe

malnutrition" using either a video or the IMCI

photograph booklet. Facilitator should ask participants

to look at each child in the video or the photograph

booklet to identify the presence or absence of "visible

severe wasting" or "oedema of both feet". Participants

should document their answers on a piece of paper.

Answers should be discussed after all the children in

the video or photographs have been reviewed

Demonstration on management of shock

1. Insert an IV line

- First site to try to insert an intravenous line

- Equipment needed to insert an IV line

- Steps to insert an IV line correctly, safely

- How to take blood for emergency laboratory

investigations while inserting IV and before

starting infusion of fluids

- Equipment needed to take blood for each of the

emergency laboratory investigations

- Steps to send to the laboratory the blood for the

blood smear and haemoglobin tests

- Possible problems preventing the infusion from

running well and what to do about them

- Procedure for safe disposal of needles

2. Give fluids rapidly for shock

- What IV fluids to give for treating shock

- Rate at which to infuse fluid (20 ml/kg as

rapidly as possible; if severely malnourished, 15

ml/kg over 1 hour)

- Definition of bolus, infusion

How to tell when desired amount has been infused

(if giving fluid from bottle, put tape on bottle at

level where desired amount will have been given)

Signs to check to see if child has improved with the

fluids (Check same signs -- cold hand, capillary refill,

weak and fast pulse -- and also lethargy/conscious)

- What to do if child has not improved --

sequence of treatments to give if child does not

improve (more fluids, as described in box)

- Steps for giving blood; amount of blood to give

and rate

Methods, resources,

comments

Video or IMCI chart

booklet

Pen and paper

Exercise A

Plenary session

Practical sessions box

Resuscitation doll

ETAT charts 6 and 7

Materials above

Tell participants that

first you will

demonstrate this skill

but that participants

will practice during the

group practical sessions

MODULE THREE - CIRCULATION

Time

Start 11:05

90 mins

Finish 12:35

10 mins

Finish 12:45

12:45-14:00

Activities

3. Insert intraosseous line

- Necessary equipment for inserting an

intraosseous line and the names of the items

- Sequence of steps to insert an intraosseous line

and confirm correct placement

- Correct position of the knee (bent at a 30 degree

angle, with knee supported and heel resting on

the table)

- Location to insert an intraosseous line (the

cannulation site) and the steps to find it

- Definition of tibial tuberosity, "medial to", tibia,

proximal tibia, palpating, infiltration

- Steps for sterility (wash hands, put on sterile

gloves, cleanse the skin with an iodine-

containing solution using a spiral motion)

- How to stabilize the proximal tibia, and not

poke your own hand with needle

- Also demonstrate on chicken thigh bone or

other animal bone

Group work to practice skills

1. Insert an IV line

2. Give fluids rapidly for shock

3. Insert intraosseous line

In task 3 participants will be using a chicken thigh

bone or other animal bone.

Wind-up

Summarize circulation section

Ask for questions and allow discussion

Review the session, give perspective for next session,

give assignment on the assessment questions on

circulation (to be completed over lunch if time allows)

Lunch

Methods, resources,

comments

For each group

- All materials above

- Practical sessions box

- Resuscitation doll

- ETAT charts 6 and 7

During each practical

session the facilitator

should not demonstrate

the skill but observe

each participant

practicing the skill and

provide encouragement

and correct any

mistakes

Power point or

overheads

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

DRILL 2: ORAL DRILL ON FLOW OF TRIAGE ASSESSMENT

If you assess:

Breathing,

Circulation

Consciousness

And you find (the signs below), what

should you do next?

Breathing is adequate

Warm hand

Cold hand

Capillary refill is quick

Weak and fast pulse

Alert, not convulsing

Child is convulsing

Lethargy (no other neurological signs

present)

Correct response

Assess circulation

Assess consciousness

Assess capillary refill

Assess consciousness

Ask for diarrhoea

Check for head or neck trauma,

and then treat for convulsions,

and then quickly continue

assessment

Assess for diarrhoea and severe

dehydration

EXERCISE A ON "SEVERE MALNUTRITION"

Yes

Read through the sections “Look for visible severe wasting” and “Check for oedema of both

feet” and then be ready to do the exercise. For each photograph, answer the question:

Does the child have visible severe wasting?

Photograph 51

Photograph 52

Photograph 53

Photograph 54

Photograph 55

Photograph 56

Photograph 57

Photograph 58

Does the child have oedema?

Photograph 59

MODULE THREE - CIRCULATION

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Coma and convulsion

Module Four

 Plenary session

 Assessment questions “Circulation"

 Summarise Coma and Convulsions

 Video exercise using AVPU Coma score

 Demonstrations: Give diazepam rectally, Give IV glucose

 Drill: determine correct dosage

 Practical sessions: Give diazepam rectally, Give IV glucose, Draw up

correct doses

 Summarise management of coma and convulsion

z Assess consciousness using the AVPU coma score

z Identify the child in coma

z Identify the child having convulsions

z Treat the child with coma and convulsions

z Explain the importance of measuring glucose

 Computer with LCD projector or overhead projector

 Video player and TV screen

 Overheads or powerpoint presentations

 ETAT video

 Practical session box including:

- Tuberculin syringe with no needle

- D10 (10% dextrose solution); D50 (50% dextrose solution)

- Syringe for IV push

- NG tubing

- Alcohol wipe or other spirit to clean skin

- Syringes and needles (various sizes)

- Ringers Lactate or normal saline solution

MODULE OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVES

MATERIALS

continue next page

MODULE FOUR - COMA AND CONVULSION

MATERIALS  Dextrostix (one per participant and some extras for

demonstration)

 Sterile lancets (one per participant and extras)

 Water bottle and pan (water to wash blood off dextrostix)

 Diazepam

 Bottles for diluting D50

 Sugar, water, teaspoon measure, measuring cup for 200 ml water

 Resuscitation doll

CONTENTS OF DAY 2: MODULE 4

Time

Start 14:00

5 mins

15 mins

Activities

Revise assessment questions for circulation

Distribute model answers, and give participants the

opportunity to compare these with their answers. Ask

for comments; refer to the main text in participant's

manual, if needed. If participants have been unable to

complete, give as homework

Present objectives of module 4

Explain that each objective will be presented in more

detail later in the session

Summarise Assess Coma and Convulsions

Facilitator should now present the section on coma

and convulsions (see pages 33-38 of participants

manual). If the participants have not read this section

they should do so at this point. Facilitator should

present information on an overhead or power-point

including:

Assess for coma and convulsions

- Is the child in coma?

- Is the child convulsing?

Treatment of coma and convulsion including manage

the airway, position the child, check the blood glucose,

give IV glucose and give an anti-convulsant

Reference should be made to the appropriate ETAT

charts and how these can be used in the emergency

setting

Video exercise AVPU Coma score

Methods, resources,

comments

Plenary session

Participants manual

Answers in facilitators

manual Annex 5

(photocopied for all

participants)

Plenary session

Overheads or powerpoint

presentations

Plenary session

Overheads or powerpoint

presentations

ETAT charts 3, 4, 8

and 9

ETAT video

Notes see Exercise B

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Time

Start 14:40

30 mins

Activities

Demonstration on coma and convulsion

1. Give diazepam rectally

- Steps for giving diazepam rectally

- Do not do this treatment for infant less than 1

month of age

- Dosage of diazepam for rectal administration

- Diazepam should be given rectally, with a

tuberculin syringe with no needle

- How far to insert the syringe into the rectum (4-

5 centimeters)

- Interval before giving another dose (if

convulsion doesn't stop) is 10 minutes

- Respiratory depression is a possible effect of

diazepam

- If convulsion continues another 10 minutes, can

give another dose of diazepam. If needed after

another 10 minutes, can give a third dose of

diazepam, or paraldehyde or phenobarbitone IV

or IM. Three doses is the maximum.

- Logic of using paraldehyde as the third dose,

after two doses of diazepam (less danger of

respiratory depression)

- If the child already has an IV cannula in place,

or is receiving IV fluids, this route may be used

to give diazepam.

- Dosage of diazepam differs if giving by IV

(instead of rectally)

- Rate to inject diazepam via IV route

(0.25 mg/kg given slowly over 1 minute)

- If fever is high, lower the fever by sponging the

child with room-temperature water.

- Paracetamol, other oral medications or fluids are

not given until that is no danger of aspiration.

2. Give IV glucose

- D10 solution is recommended (10% dextrose).

- How to make 10% dextrose if only D50 is

available (dilute 1 part D50 with 4 parts sterile

water to make 10% dextrose).

- Insert an IV line

- 1-2 ml syringe is needed to take blood for the

blood glucose test

- Definition of bolus; definition of IV push

- Steps to do a blood glucose (dextrostix) test (put

drop of blood on the strip; it is not necessary to

cover all of the reagent area; after 60 seconds,

wash the blood off gently with drops of cold

water; compare colour with the key on the side

of the bottle)

Methods, resources,

comments

For each group

- Practical sessions box

- Resuscitation doll

- Diazepam

- Glucose 10% or 50%

- ETAT charts 8 and 9

- Table 6, 7 and 8

(participants

manual)

Tell participants that

first you will

demonstrate this skill

but that participants

will practice during the

group practical sessions.

MODULE FOUR - COMA AND CONVULSION

Time

15:10-15:25

Start 15:25

80 mins

15 mins

Finish 17:00

30 mins

Activities

- Threshold for low blood glucose (less than 2.5

mmol/liter)

- If blood glucose is low, it should be rechecked in

30 minutes

- What to do if 30 minutes later blood glucose is

still low (repeat 5 ml/kg of D10 solution bolus)

- How to tell when it is "safe" to feed the child

- What to do if not able to feed without danger of

aspiration (give milk or sugar water by NG or

give IV continuing 5-10% dextrose)

- Steps to insert an NG tube, how to measure how

far to insert the tube

3. Draw Up Correct Dose Rapidly

- Knowing the age or weight of a child, calculate

the correct dose of the drug for the child

- Draw up the dose, as quickly as possible

Tea

Group work to practice skills

1. Give diazepam rectally

2. Give IV glucose

3. Draw Up Correct Dose Rapidly

Repeat the task 3 until all participants have practiced

several times to develop their speed and confidence

Wind-up

Summarise the coma and convulsion section, give

perspective for next day, give assignments, reading on

all "D" signs and self- assessment questions on C

Facilitators meeting

Methods, resources,

comments

For each group

- Drill 3

- Practical sessions box

- Resuscitation doll

- Diazepam

- Glucose 10% or 50%

- ETAT charts 8 and 9

Table 6, 7 and 8

(participants manual).

During each practical

session the facilitator

should not demonstrate

the skill but observe

each participant

practicing the skill and

provide encouragement

and correct any

mistakes

Power-point/overhead

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

EXERCISE B: VIDEO EXERCISE AVPU COMA SCORE

IMCI VIDEO, Tape 1, Exercise C

5 minutes of explanation and examples including examples lethargic

and unconscious. (The video uses the term "unconscious." Explain

that this is coma. Some explanation and signs do not apply.) You may

show these examples, or just forward to the exercise.

Practice exercise for identifying lethargic or unconscious (coma)-- 4

children. (Turn off the sound and discuss the answers for each child

to be clear which children are lethargic and which are in coma.

Because the danger sign taught in the video is "lethargic or

unconscious," the video does not distinguish between the two.)

Convulsing (now)

Lethargy

Continually irritable

and restless

DRILL 3: DETERMINE CORRECT DOSES

Child's

Weight

3 Kg

5 Kg

16 Kg

8 Kg

12 Kg

4 Kg

12 Kg

5 Kg

3 Kg

Ask participants, as in a drill, what dose would you give the following children?

Child's Age

6 weeks

3 months

4 years

6 months

18 months

6 months

severely

malnourished

12 months

2 months

1 month

IF IV GLUCOSE IS

NEEDED - Amount

of D10 as bolus

15 ml

25 ml

80 ml

40 ml

60 ml

5 ml x 4 kg = 20 ml

60 ml

25 ml

15 ml

IF IV FLUIDS ARE

NEEDED FOR

SHOCK -- Ringers

lactate or normal

saline as bolus

60 ml

100 ml

320 ml

160 ml

240 ml

15 ml x 4 kg = 60 ml

in 1 hour

240 ml

100 ml

60 ml

IF DIAZEPAM IS

NEEDED --

Amount of 10mg/

2ml solution given

rectally

0.3 ml

0.5 ml

1.6 ml

0.8 ml

1.2 ml

0.4 ml

1.2 ml

0.5 ml

0.3 ml

MODULE FOUR - COMA AND CONVULSION

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Dehydration

Module Five

 Demonstration of signs of dehydration in an emergency setting

 Management of severe dehydration in a child without malnutrition

 Management of severe dehydration in a child with severe

malnutrition

 Principles of fluid management

 Calculation of fluid dosages

 Follow-up treatment of the child with shock and assessment of

improvement

z Describe the steps for assessing and classifying a child for diarrhoea

and severe dehydration

z Manage dehydration in the child without severe malnutrition

z Manage dehydration in the child with severe malnutrition

 Practical session box including:

- IV cannulae

- Ringers Lactate or normal saline solution

- IV tubing and burettes

 Simulated limb (e.g., a towel rolled tightly; several will be needed)

 Tape

 Alcohol wipe or other spirit to clean skin

 Computer with LCD projector

 Overhead projector

 Video player and TV screen

 Overheads or powerpoint presentations

 ETAT wall charts 10 and 11

 Flow chart 1

 Overhead transparencies or presentation slides for computer

MODULE OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVES

MATERIALS

continue next page

MODULE FIVE - DEHYDRATION

MATERIALS  ETAT video for lethargy, visible severe wasting and signs of

dehydration

 IMCI Photographs booklet:

- Photographs 47-50 are examples to discuss visible severe

wasting and oedema:

- Photographs 18, 51-59 as exercise on identifying wasting and

oedema

CONTENTS OF DAY 2: REVIEW, CLINICAL PRACTICE AND MODULE 5

Time

Start 8:00

10 mins

20 mins

Start 8:30

90 mins

10:00-10:15

Start 10:15

10 mins

15 mins

Activities

Review of self assessment day 2 "C"

Distribute model answers, invite questions and answer

Oral drill on flow of triage assessment

Clinical session in outpatients and on ward

Tea

Summarise Assess Dehydration

Show ETAT chart 1 and chart 10 and talk through

- Mention how dehydration links with shock

- Explain difference between chart 10 and treatment

plan C

- Describe the steps for assessing and classifying a

child for diarrhoea and severe dehydration.

Mention the signs of dehydration that you will

assess: the child's general condition, whether the

child has sunken eyes, and a skin pinch.

- Review the technique for doing a skin pinch

- Mention treatment (more detail later)

Video exercise: C

- Lethargy: mention how it links with AVPU

- Sunken eyes

- Skin pinch

To conduct the video exercise:

- Tell participants that during the video they will see

examples of how to assess a child with diarrhoea for

severe dehydration

- For each of the children shown, answer the question

Methods, resources,

comments

Self assessment question

answers see Annex 5

(photocopied for all

participants)

Drill 4

Chart 1 and 10

Overheads or

powerpoint

presentations

Summary flow chart

from slides

Treatment Plan C

ETAT video

- Exercise to practice

identifying sunken

eyes-6 children

(about 7 minutes)

- Exercise to practice

identifying slow skin

pinch-5 children

(about 6 minutes)

Answers to the

questions are shown

below

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Time

10 mins

15 mins

10 mins

Activities

How to use the Plan C

- Display the enlargement of the Plan C

- Explain that "Diarrhoea Treatment Plan C: Treat

severe dehydration quickly" is designed so that

participants learn how to do Plan C as they will do

it at their own clinics

- Point to the enlargement and read the flowchart

with the participants

Calculation of numbers of drops per minute using

burette

- Ask participants if they have burettes in their

hospitals

- Explain concept of number of drops per ml for

adult and paediatric burettes

- Give samples calculations and ask participants for

answers

Drill on amounts of IV fluid to give a child on

Plan C

- Conduct this drill to provide additional practice

determining the amount of IV fluid to give a child

who has diarrhoea with severe dehydration

(without shock or severe malnutrition)

- Tell the participants they can refer to Plan C during

the drill

- Tell the participants that you will state the ages and

weights of children with severe dehydration

- Ask them how much IV fluid should be given and

over how long

How to give fluids for a child with severe

dehydration and severe malnutrition

- Explain the difference in children with severe

malnutrition

- Show tables 10 and 11 and the flow chart 1.

Provide sample calculations of fluid volumes

- Provide examples for children with severe

malnutrition and ask participants

Demonstration: Give rapid fluids

- Insert a cannula into the towel (limb) at a realistic

angle and tape it down

- Attach the fluids to the cannula and make sure the

infusion is running well (drips dripping freely)

- Determine the amount of fluid needed, the rate of

administration and number of drops per minute

using burettes (adult and paediatric)

Methods, resources,

comments

Plan C

Table 11

Drill 5

Plan C

Pencil and paper to do

calculations

Overhead or powerpoint

presentation

Tables 10 and 11

(participants manual)

Flow chart 1

Practical session box

including:

- IV cannulae

- Ringers Lactate or

normal saline

solution

- IV tubing and

burettes

MODULE FIVE - DEHYDRATION

Time

60 mins

10 mins

Finish 12:45

12:45-14: 00

Activities

- Mark on the bottle to show when the required

amount has been given

- Explain how to reassess the child for improvement

and select correct continuing treatment

Group work to practice skills

Give rapid fluids

- Work in groups

- Ask the participants to work in teams of 2, a doctor

and a nurse, and to simulate giving IV fluids

- Present case scenarios of children brought to

outpatients with or without malnutrition and

dehydration, and with and without shock

Wind-up

Summarise assessment and management of severe

dehydration

Lunch

Methods, resources,

comments

Simulated limb (e.g., a

towel rolled tightly;

several will be needed)

Tape

Alcohol wipe or other

spirit to clean skin

ETAT wall charts 6,7,10

Plan C

Practical session box

including:

- IV cannulae

- Ringers Lactate or

normal saline

solution

- IV tubing and

burettes

Simulated limb (e.g., a

towel rolled tightly;

several will be needed)

Tape

Alcohol wipe or other

spirit to clean skin

ETAT wall charts 6,7,10

Plan C

Case scenarios table A

Power-point or overhead

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

DRILL 4: ORAL DRILL ON FLOW OF TRIAGE ASSESSMENT

If you assess:

Breathing,

Circulation

Consciousness

Does child have

diarrhoea?

Does child have

diarrhoea?

Priority signs

Airway and

breathing, and

then circulation

Airway and

breathing

And you find (the signs below),

what should you do next?

Breathing is adequate

Warm hand

Cold hand

Capillary refill is quick

Weak and fast pulse

Alert, not convulsing

Child is convulsing

Lethargy (no other neurological signs

present)

Mother says child does not have

diarrhoea

Mother says child has diarrhoea

Child is age < 2 months, but no other

signs present

Child has none of the signs

Breathing is adequate, but the child is

in shock

Child is in respiratory distress

Correct response

Assess circulation

Assess consciousness

Assess capillary refill

Assess consciousness

Ask for diarrhoea

Check for head or neck trauma,

and then treat for convulsions, and

then quickly continue assessment

Assess for diarrhoea and severe

dehydration

Assess priority signs

Assess signs of severe dehydration:

- Lethargy

- Sunken eyes

- Very slow skin pinch

(Bring to front of queue for)

immediate assessment and

treatment

Return the child to the queue to be

assessed and treated in turn

Quickly also assess coma/

convulsing, and check for head or

neck trauma and severe

malnutrition, and then treat for

shock (and treat coma or

convulsing if needed)

Check if breathing is obstructed,

check for head or neck trauma, and

then treat:

- Manage airway

- Give oxygen

Then quickly assess circulation

MODULE FIVE - DEHYDRATION

If you assess:

A and B

C and D

Malnutrition in a

child with

diarrhoea with

severe

dehydration

Malnutrition in a

child with

diarrhoea with

severe

dehydration

All clinical signs

Child is breathing

OK, lethargy, no

shock, and history

of diarrhoea. You

assess for signs of

dehydration and

for severe

malnutrition

And you find (the signs below),

what should you do next?

Child is breathing adequately,

circulation OK, lethargy, diarrhoea,

sunken eyes

No severe malnutrition

Visible severe wasting

Breathing is adequate, child is in

shock, has lethargy but no

convulsions, diarrhoea with sunken

eyes and very slow skin pinch, no

severe malnutrition

Sunken eyes

Visible severe wasting

Correct response

Check for head and neck trauma,

severe malnutrition.

Insert IV line and begin giving

fluids rapidly following Plan C

Do not insert IV. Proceed

immediately to assessment and

treatment.

Stop any bleeding, give oxygen,

Insert IV and begin giving fluids

rapidly following Plan C.

Proceed immediately to further

assessment and treatment for

severely malnourished child

EXERCISE C: ANSWER TABLE TO VIDEO EXERCISE

Yes NoDoes the child have sunken eyes?

Child 1

Child 2

Child 3

Child 4

Child 5

Child 6

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

slowly? immediately?

Does the skin pinch go back

Child 1

Child 2

Child 3

Child 4

Child 5

very slowly?

DRILL 5 FOR TREATMENT PLAN C

Child's age and

weight:

14 months, 9 kg

8 months, 7 kg

3 years, 13 kg

3 months, 5 kg

2 years, 12 kg

15 months, 10 kg

4 years, 15 kg

23 months, 11.5 kg

6 months, 6 kg

12 months, 8 kg

11½ months, 8 kg

5 months, 5 kg

10 months, 7 kg

First give:

Amount For

270 ml

210 ml

390 ml

150 ml

360 ml

300 ml

450 ml

345 ml

180 ml

240 ml

150 ml

210 ml

30 mins

l hour

30 mins

1 hour

30 mins

1 hour

30 mins

1 hour

Then give:

Amount For

630 ml

490 ml

910 ml

350 ml

840 ml

700 ml

1050 ml

805 ml

420 ml

560 ml

350 ml

490 ml

2½ hrs

5 hrs

2½ hrs

5 hrs

2½ hrs

5 hrs

2½ hrs

5 hrs

Amount Time

900 ml

700 ml

1300 ml

500 ml

1200 ml

1000 ml

1500 ml

1150 ml

600 ml

800 ml

500 ml

700 ml

3 hrs

6 hrs

3 hrs

6 hrs

3 hrs

6 hrs

3 hrs

6 hrs

Total Total

MODULE FIVE - DEHYDRATION

Flow Chart 1 Management of the child with severe dehydration

Shock absent

Shock present

Plan C Check for severe malnutrition

Child non-malnourished Child malnourished

Chart 7

If improvement Chart 11

Chart 8

Then inpatient guidelines

Assess for shock

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

CASE SCENARIOS TABLE A FOR GROUP WORK (children with shock or severe dehydration with or

without severe malnutrition)

Child's age and

weight:

8 months, 7 kg,

no shock

8 months, 7 kg,

shock

15 months, 10 kg,

no shock

15 months, 10 kg,

shock

10 months, 5 kg,

visible severe

wasting, no shock

18 months, 8 kg,

oedema of both

feet, shock

First action

IV Ringers Lactate 210 ml

(30ml/kg) over 1 hour

IV Ringers Lactate 140 ml

(20ml/kg) as fast as

possible

IV Ringers Lactate 300 ml

over 20 mins

IV Ringers Lactate 200 ml

(20 ml/kg) as fast as

possible

ReSoMal orally 25 ml

(5ml/kg) every 30 min for

2 hours

If lethargic or comatose:

give IV Ringers Lactate +

5% glucose or NaCl 0.45%

+ 5%glucose 120 ml

(15ml/kg) over 1 hour

Development

better

better, pulse

slower and

capillary refill

<2 secs

better

not better

better

improved

not improved

490 ml over 5 hours

490ml over 5 hours

700 ml over 2 ½ hours

Repeat 200 ml as fast as

possible, if not improved,

repeat again, if improved,

switch to 700 ml over 2 ½

hours

Continue 25-50 ml (5-10 ml/

kg) hourly for next 4-10 hurs

Repeat 120ml over 1 hour,

then switch to Resomal by NG

tube 10ml/kg over 10 hours

Assume septic shock, Give

maintenance fluids 32 ml/

hour (4 ml/kg/hour), send for

blood, transfuse 10 ml/kg over

3 hours

Second action

MODULE FIVE - DEHYDRATION

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Case management

scenarios

Module Six

 Participants practice case management scenarios using all skills

learned in the group clinical sessions

z To manage the child presented in the case scenario by using skills

learned in the group clinical sessions

 Case scenarios table B or other scenarios that facilitators make up

themselves

 Copies of the ETAT charts and treatment boxes, displayed for easy

reference

 Resuscitation doll

 Practical session box including:

- Equipment and supplies for giving oxygen: nasal catheter and/or

nasal prongs, oxygen source and appropriate equipment for

delivering oxygen

- Equipment and supplies for giving IV fluids: IV needles, material

to clean the site, tape, bottles, tubing, Ringers lactate

- Equipment and supplies for giving IV and NG glucose: D10

(10% dextrose solution), IV needles and tape, syringes and

needles, NG tubing

- Equipment and supplies for doing dextrostix test

- Equipment and supplies for intraosseous infusion:21g needles for

intraosseous insertion, materials to clean the site, 3 way taps

 Diazepam, tuberculin syringe

 Apparatus for stabilizing the head and neck

MODULE OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVES

MATERIALS

MODULE SEVEN - IMPLEMENTING ETATMODULE SIX - CASE MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS

CONTENTS OF DAY 3: MODULE 6

Time

Start 14:00

45 mins

Activities

Demonstration

Role-play for poor practice:

- Arrange a typical role-play where such cases are

mismanaged and let participants comment and learn

from it.

- Repeat scenario with good management

Demonstrate good management

- Ask participants to watch as you assess and initiate

treatments for a first case, checking their TRIAGE

flowcharts and referring to the treatment boxes as you

work. You may ask some participants to assist you in

the demonstration. Tell them that they will then each

assess and treat another case.

- Present some initial information about the case.

- Then assess airway and breathing and describe what is

found. Explain what you do as you do it; give

treatment for a breathing problem or, if that is not

necessary, continue the assessment.

- Then assess the rest of the emergency signs, describing

your procedures and what you find (for example, "I am

checking for lethargy and sunken eyes, and I see she is

alert and fussy, resisting us. Her eyes do not look

sunken either.")

- When you identify a treatment that is needed, quickly

gather whatever supplies you need to do the treatment

and begin. For example, gather supplies for an IV

infusion. Then do or pretend to do the steps of locating

the site, cleaning it, inserting and taping the IV needle,

calculating the amount needed, attaching the fluid,

marking the bottle, checking the flow. The more

actions you can take the better the demonstration will

be, for example, inserting the needle into a towel "arm,"

taping it in place, and starting the IV flowing will

better simulate the real actions expected and their

timing than only an oral description of doing these

steps.

- After you have completed the assessment and initiated

any treatments, let participants ask any questions

about what you have done.

- Then describe a reassessment of the patient and what

you find, for example, doing another dextrostix test, or

assessing whether convulsions have stopped, or

reassessing a child with shock after the first bolus of

fluid has run in. Decide the appropriate subsequent

treatment and initiate it.

- At a good point, conclude the demonstration. Review

important points about what you did and why and

answer any questions about the case.

Methods, resources,

comments

See materials

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Time

14:45-15:00

Start 15:00

105 mins

Start 16:45

15 mins

30 mins

Activities

Tea

Group work to practice skills

Case management scenarios

- Ensure that each member of the group does at least one

clinical scenario

- Tell the participant that he is in charge of the care of

the child that you will describe to him (the doll on the

table) and that he may ask for assistance from others

in initiating treatment.

- Describe the case and present the breathing signs. Then

ask the participant what do you do next? Participant

should indicate what to do first, second etc-including

both what he will assess and what treatments to do.

- The participant should proceed in the same way that

you did in the demonstration, through assessment,

deciding treatments, and giving (pretending to give)

treatments, all the while describing aloud what he is

doing.

- As the participant describes what he is assessing, tell

him the findings (for example, "The child is visibly

wasted and has oedema in both feet.") Give the

participant feedback as he proceeds and ask questions

as needed to be sure he is covering all the steps.

("That's right. You did that well. What would you do

next?")

- The first time that a participant manages a case in this

way, he will be slow, unsure of the ETAT process, and

awkward, and this is to be expected. With practice,

however, participants should become more comfortable

with the ETAT process, more confident handling the

equipment, and quicker.

Summarise section on dehydration

- Allow participants to discuss problems they encounter

during the scenarios and ways in which they were able

to overcome the difficulties

- Emphasize points that participants are forgetting or

having difficulty understanding during the other skill

stations and at this station.

- Give out assignments for next day and ETAT course

evaluation

Facilitators meeting

Methods, resources,

comments

See materials

Power-point/overhead

See Annex 6

MODULE SEVEN - IMPLEMENTING ETAT

MODULE SIX - CASE MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS

Case management scenarios Table B

The clinical signs to describe are listed below. Provide this information about

the signs only when the participant says that he is looking for that sign or signs.

Write notes in the right column to help you give feedback to this or later

participants. Also note follow-on questions that you want to ask, for example, a

finding on reassessment of a sign.

SCENARIO 1

Correct response

Assess Airway and Breathing

Assess Circulation

Check cap refill

Assess Consciousness

Ask for Diarrhoea

Assess for Dehydration

Continue assessment

Triage as emergency

Check for severe malnutrition

Refer for immediate assessment by senior health

worker

Child severely malnourished, should receive oral

ReSoMal, 5ml/kg in 30 mins for 2 hours 45 mls

in first ½ hour.

A 3-year-old girl is carried in her mother's arms wrapped in a blanket, in the line.

Input of facilitator

Breathing OK

Cool hand

Normal capillary refill (1.5 seconds)

Alert

Diarrhoea x 2 days-mom says 4 to 5 loose

watery stools

Skin pinch takes 3 seconds

Eyes appear sunken a bit

If not checked for malnutrition:

Child goes into shock and cardiac arrest

Some oedema in both feet OR

Visible severe wasting.

(Blood Glucose = 5mmol/l)

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

SCENARIO 2

Correct response

Assess Airway and Breathing

Assess Circulation

Assess Consciousness

Ask for Diarrhoea

Assess for Priority signs

Triage as Priority

(hot and lethargy)

2 year old male. Mother rushes in- he convulsed 30 minutes ago and she is frightened.

Input of facilitator

Breathing fast but no cyanosis, no distress,

no signs of obstructed breathing

Feels very hot. Capillary refill fast- less than

a second. Fast but strong pulse

Lethargic but responds to voice by crying

Diarrhoea today

Skin pinch less than 2 seconds

Eyes not sunken. Crying big tears

No visible wasting or oedema

No pallor

SCENARIO 3

Correct response

Triage as emergency, cyanosis

Manage airway, position child, insert Guedel's

airway. Give oxygen

Assess breathing

Continue assessment

Assess Circulation

Assess Consciousness

Position child

Continue assessment

Check glucose

IV Glucose give 25 mls of 10% glucose

1-year-old infant seized at home then again outside the clinic. Child is unconscious; breathing

sounds very wet and noisy and there is drool coming from his mouth.

He is looking a little blue.

Input of facilitator

If participant goes to rest of the exam or

does not adequately manage the airway, say

the child is now very blue and is seizing

After participant manages the airway, say

your airway management has helped. Child

is breathing much better, not blue, and no

longer noisy. Tongue must have been in the

way

Warm hand

Moves only to pain

AVPU = P

Blood glucose < 2 mmol/L

If no oxygen Æ stops breathing

If no glucose check Æ seizures

MODULE SEVEN - IMPLEMENTING ETATMODULE SIX - CASE MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS

SCENARIO 4

Correct response

Assess circulation

Assess for priority signs

Continuous irritable?

Triage as priority

4-year-old girl with cough and pain in her throat. Crying loudly.

Input of facilitator

Squirms away so you cannot touch her

hand but foot feels warm

Mother says she has not had diarrhoea

Arm and legs are not thin

Yes, continuous irritable

SCENARIO 5

Correct response

Triage as emergency

Assess airway, stabilize neck, manage airway:

inspect mouth. Remove foreign bodies, clear

secretions, jaw thrust without head tilt, assess

breathing, if normal continue assessment, if

obstructed insert tube.

Treat for shock, check for bleeding, get help,

Apply pressure. No tourniquet.

Set up IV drip,

Give oxygen

Continue assessment

4-year-old boy hit by bicycle. Carried in on blanket.

Input of facilitator

Unconscious- responds to deep pain

Breathing sounds obstructed

Cold hand with slow capillary refill

Bleeding from lower leg

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

SCENARIO 6

Correct response

Assess Airway and Breathing

Triage as Emergency

Give oxygen, assess breathing, if normal, assess

Circulation

Assess Consciousness

AVPU = Voice

Ask for Diarrhoea

Assess for Priority signs

Triage as priority, lethargy

14-month-old girl has been sleeping all day. Irritable when awoken, rouses to loud voice or shaking

her arm.

Input of facilitator

Very deep breathing at normal rate, with

some chest indrawing

Warm hand

AVPU?

No diarrhoea says mother when asked

Some pallor

No visible severe wasting or oedema

SCENARIO 7

Correct response

Triage as Emergency

Assess airway

Give oxygen, 1-2L/min by nasal prongs or nasal

catheter

(? Bag and mask); assess breathing, if not

obstructed, assess circulation

Treat for shock IV or intraosseous access Normal

saline or Ringer's

20 mls/ kg = 280 mls stat

Reassess (repeat x2)

Blood samples for glucose/Hct/MPs

After treatment of shock continue assessment

A 3-year-old boy is carried into outpatient department in his father's arms.

He is pale, floppy and having difficulty breathing.

His father says he has been unwell and coughing for 3 days. Weight 14kg.

Input of facilitator

Respiratory rate is fast with marked

intercostal recession and a tracheal tug

Airway patency established

If no oxygen is given the child worsens to

respiratory arrest

His hands are cold. Cap. Refill = 6 sec.

MPs 0 PCV = 26%

Blood glucose = 4 mmols/L

Pneumonia and shock

MODULE SEVEN - IMPLEMENTING ETAT

MODULE SIX - CASE MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS

SCENARIO 8

Correct response

Assess Breathing

Assess Circulation

Check central pulses, femoral first

Triage as emergency, treat for shock

Obtain venous access or intraosseous, sample for

glucose/MPs and Hct; start drip with

20mls/kg Ringers Lactate = 100 mls IV stat

Give oxygen,

1L/min O2 via nasal catheter or nasal prongs

While doing the above continue assessment

Check glucose

IV Glucose give 25 mls of 10% glucose

A 4 months old baby is brought to hospital with fever, rapid breathing and refusing to breast-feed.

He has had 2 episodes of vomiting and diarrhoea. Weight 5 kg.

Input of facilitator

Airway patency established

Respiratory rate is fast, no severe distress

Hands are cool Cap refill is 6 sec.

If attempted: Peripheral pulses not palpable

Femoral pulse palpable is fast and weak

AVPU = P

Blood glucose < 2 mmol/L

(MPs. 0 PCV = 40%)

If no oxygen Æ stops breathing

If no glucose check Æ seizures

If no shock treatment Æ death

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

SCENARIO 9

Correct response

Assess airway and breathing

Assess circulation

Triage as Emergency (shock)

Establish IV/IO access,

give 160 mls of Ringers Lactate x 2

Give oxygen, 1-2L/min O2 by nasal catheter

Check blood glucose

Give glucose 40 mls of 10% IV.

Plan C

A 10 months old baby boy is bought in with history of 24 hours of vomiting and diarrhoea.

Weight 8 kg.

Input of facilitator

Her breathing is normal with no distress

Her hands feet are cold and look grey

Cap refill - 4 sec.

AVPU = P

Blood glucose 1.5mmols/L

If no shock management Æ dies

If no glucose Æ seizures, and if untreated

Æ to coma and death

She continues to have D and V

No improvement until oral fluids,

she is thirsty!

MODULE SEVEN - IMPLEMENTING ETATMODULE SIX - CASE MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS

SCENARIO 10

Correct response

Triage as Emergency (convulsion).

Position child, jaw thrust, suction

Diazepam pr or Paraldehyde

Assess airway and breathing

by nasal cannula; 1 litre/min

(+ Bag and mask)

Assess circulation

Assess consciousness

Check blood glucose

Give glucose 60 mls of 10% IV.

Diazepam pr or Paraldehyde

Paraldehyde pr or Diazepam

Phenobarbitone IM/IV

A 2-year-old boy is carried in by his grandmother. Weight 12kg. He is hot and having a seizure.

Input of facilitator

Airway patency established but noisy,

If no airway established Æ apnoea and

finally death

Improves

Hands are warm, colour pink

AVPU = U

Blood glucose 2 mmol/L

Continues to convulse MPs+++

If no BM stick, continues to convulse

Æ seizures continue and then apnoea, and

finally death

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

SCENARIO 11

Correct response

Assess airway

Assess breathing

Triage as Emergency

(severe respiratory distress)

given by nasal cannula 1 litre/min

(? Bag and mask).

Assess circulation

Assess consciousness

Position child, give Diazepam pr or Paraldehyde;

check and give glucose

1V glucose 55 mls of 10%.

Pneumonia

An 18 month old boy has been unwell and feverish for 2 days. He complains of abdominal pain

and his mum has noticed that he has fast breathing. Weight 11 kg.

Input of facilitator

Patency established

He is grunting and distressed with subcostal

recessions with fast breathing

His hands are hot

He starts to convulse

Blood glucose 1.5mmol/L

If given glucose stops seizure

If given anticonvulsants without glucose

continues to seize

SCENARIO 12

Correct response

Assess airway

Assess breathing

Assess circulation

Assess consciousness

Ask for diarrhoea

Assess priority signs

Triage as Priority (hot and irritable)

A 10-week-old baby is brought in. His mother says he will not suckle today. Yesterday he was

crying a lot. Weight 3.5 kg.

Input of facilitator

Patency established

Breathing is normal

The hands are cool, the Cap. Refill = 3 sec.

AVPU = A but he is irritable

He is hot and jittery

No history of diarrhoea, but has vomited

twice

Blood glucose = 1mmol/L

Give glucose 10% 17.5 ml iv

Diagnosis meningitis with hypoglycaemia

MODULE SEVEN - IMPLEMENTING ETATMODULE SIX - CASE MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS

SCENARIO 13

Correct response

Assess airway and breathing

Assess circulation

Assess consciousness

Check for dehydration

Triage as emergency, severe dehydration

Check for severe malnutrition

Plan C. 300mls in the first ½ hour. 700 mls in

the next 2.5 hours of IV Ringers Lactate

1-year-old baby girl with a 2-day history of diarrhoea and vomiting. Weight 10 kg. She is listless.

Input of facilitator

Airway and breathing OK

Warm hand

AVPU = voice. Will not drink

Skin pinch lasts 3 seconds

Eyes sunken, mum agrees

No visible wasting or oedema

SCENARIO 14

Correct response

Assess airway and breathing

Triage as Emergency (severe respiratory distress)

Give oxygen via nasal prongs 1 litre/min.

Assess circulation

Assess consciousness

Ask for diarrhoea

Assess priority signs

Triage as emergency

A 14-month-old girl who has been sleeping all day and her mother has been worried about her.

Weight 11 kg.

Input of facilitator

Airway OK

Breathing fast, recession ++ and harsh

inspiratory noise. No cyanosis

Warm hands

AVPU = Voice (Blood glucose = 4mmol/l)

No diarrhoea

No other signs

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Implementing ETAT

Module Seven

 Preparation for ETAT implementation in the participant's hospital

z 1. Understand and explain the role of ETAT within the overall

management of the child with serious infection or severe

malnutrition

z Describe why both knowledge/skills and system changes (process

improvement) are needed to successfully implement ETAT

z Understand and explain the role of ETAT within the overall

management of the child with serious infection or severe

malnutrition

z Make a plan to train key staff in ETAT (at one hospital or multiple

sites/regionally)

z Develop action plans to initiate the system changes (improvement

process) needed to implement ETAT in his/her hospital

z Decide how to know that ETAT is successfully implemented in your

hospital (or within a collaboration of hospitals implementing ETAT)

z Describe the value of working collaboratively across hospitals to

improve the care of children with emergency conditions (and with

serious infections or severe malnutrition)

z Describe and understand how ETAT training fits into wider context

of improvement initiatives in place in your country which address

the quality of care for children in hospital

 Computer with LCD projector or video player and TV screen

 Overhead projector

 Prepared power-point or overhead presentations

MODULE OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVES

MATERIALS

MODULE SEVEN - IMPLEMENTING ETAT

CONTENTS OF DAY 4: MODULE 7

Time

Start 8:00

10 mins

20 mins

30 mins

60 mins

10:00-10:15

60 mins

45 mins

12:00

Activities

Review of self assessment "D"

Distribute model answers, invite questions and answer

Implementing ETAT

Introduction: Present ETAT standards

Plenary discussion

Plan ETAT for your own work place

Start the exercise with a discussion on the reasons for not

implementing ETAT in peripheral health unit. Make sure

that the participants bring up the following aspects:

- Why? Arguments to implement ETAT (advocacy)

- Who? Staff categories involved in ETAT

- Where? Flow of patients and space and or

accommodation for emergency care

- When? Timing of care

- What? Equipment and supplies needed (material

resources)

Group work

Divide participants into small groups (hospital groups or

regional groups)

Ask participants to do the exercise in their groups,

start with a brainstorm on the questions why, who, where,

when and with what

Make sure that participants complete the checklist in the

Annex "Resources required to implement ETAT" page 61

in the participant's manual.

Facilitators to provide feedback on their list of priority

equipment, use ETAT standards to assess the

recommendations made by the participant

Prepare summary of findings in form of recommendations

to hospital administration

Develop individual plan of action for implementing ETAT

in each hospital group

Tea

Feedback from group work in plenary session

Present main findings from evaluation, course certificate

and closing ceremony

Finish

Methods, resources,

comments

Self assessment

question answers see

Annex 5 photocopied

for all participants

ETAT standards on

power-point or

overhead

Butcher paper and

marker Marker pens

Tape

Annex 6

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

 Children are assessed for severity/ priority need ( triage )

immediately on arrival ( at least during high patient-load periods )

 Patients do not have to wait for registration, payment, their turn etc

before a first assessment is done and action taken

 A wall chart or job aid for identifying children by severity of

condition is located in the emergency admissions area

 A qualified staff is designated to carry out triage

 A health professional is available without delay to manage children

determined to have an emergency condition

 Essential drugs for emergency conditions (anticonvulsants, glucose,

iv fluids) are always available and free

 Essential lab tests (Hb or PCV, glucose) are available

 Essential equipment (needles and syringes, nasogastric catheters,

oxygen equipment, nebulizer or spacers) is available

 The staff doing triage is trained in the guidelines and can implement

them appropriately when the emergency room gets busy during peak

hours

 Staff is skilled in the management of common emergency conditions

and starts treatment without delay: Management of convulsions,

lethargy, severe respiratory distress, shock and severe dehydration

LAYOUT AND

STRUCTURE

STAFFING

CASE MANAGEMENT

ETAT STANDARDS

DRUG, SUPPLIES AND

EQUIPMENT

MODULE SEVEN - IMPLEMENTING ETAT

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Generic agenda for a

3 ½ day training on ETAT

Annex One

Day 0 Preparations, briefing of facilitators

Day 1

8:00-9:00 Opening, introduction of course and participants, objectives of the course

9:00-10:00 Module one: Triage and the ABCD concept

Flow of the triage, objectives of triage process Emergency, Priority, Non-urgent

10:00-10:15 Tea

10:15-10:30 Triage assessment drill

10:30-12.45 Module two: Airway and breathing

Management of airway, management of the choking child, ventilation by bag and

mask

12:45-14:00 Lunch

14:00-15:00 Video and explanation of signs of severe respiratory distress and when to give

oxygenDemonstration of oxygen concentrator and delivery of oxygen

15:00-15:15 Tea

15:15-16:45 Group work to practice skills

16:45-17:00 Wind-up

17:00 Facilitators meeting

Day 2

08:00-08:30 Revision of triage, airway and breathing, oral drill on triage

08:30-10:00 Clinical practice session

10:00-10:15 Tea

10:15-11:05 Module three: Circulation

Assessment of circulation, management of shock in the child with and without

severe malnutrition, inserting IV lines, giving fluids rapidly for shock and inserting

intraosseous lines

11:05-12:35 Group work to practice skills

12:35-12:45 Wind-up

12:45-14:00 Lunch

Clinical demonstration of severe signs if present

14:00-14:10 Review assessment questions for circulation

Present objectives of module 4

14:10-14:40 Module four: Coma and Convulsion

Summarise assessment of coma and convulsion

Video on AVPU Coma score

14:30-15:10 Demonstration on management of coma and convulsion, giving diazepam rectally,

giving IV glucose and drawing up correct dose rapidly

15:10-15:25 Tea

15:15-16:45 Group work to practice skills

16:45-17:00 Wind-up

17:00 Facilitators meeting

Day 3

08:00-08:30 Review assessment questions for coma and convulsion

Oral drill on triage

08:30-10:00 Clinical practice session

10:00-10:15 Tea

10:15-11:35 Module five: Dehydration

Assessment of dehydration, management of dehydration, video on the signs of

dehydration, how to use Treatment Plan C, fluid management in severe malnutrition,

shock and dehydration

11:35-12:35 Group work to practice skills

12:35-12:45 Wind-up

12:45-14:00 Lunch

14:00-14:45 Module six: Case management scenarios

Role play for poor practice, demonstration of good management

14:45-15:00 Tea

15:00-16:45 Group work to practice skills: Case management scenarios

16:45-17:00 Wind-up, give out ETAT course evaluation

17:00 Facilitators meeting

ANNEX ONE - GENERIC AGENDA FOR A 3 ½ DAY TRAINING ON ETAT

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Day 4

08:00-08:10 Review assessment questions for dehydration

08:10-08:30 Module seven: Implementing ETAT

Standards of care for triage and assessment

08:30-10:00 Planning ETAT for your own work place

Plenary discussion

Group work

10:00-10:15 Tea

10:15-11:15 Feedback from group work to plenary

11:15-12:00 Feedback from evaluation, give out course certificates and closing ceremony

12:00 Finish

ANNEX ONE - GENERIC AGENDA FOR A 3 ½ DAY TRAINING ON ETAT

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Checklist of supplies

needed for work in class

Annex Two

Supplies needed for each person include:

 name tag and holder  felt tip pen

 paper  highlighter

 ball point pen  2 pencils

 eraser  folder to collect answer sheets

 ……………………………..  ……………………………..

Supplies needed for each group include:

 paper clips

 pencil sharpener  2 rolls transparent tape

 stapler and staples  rubber bands

 extra pencils and erasers  1 roll masking tape

 flipchart pad and markers OR  scissors

blackboard and chalk

Instructional materials needed in each small group

Item needed Number needed

 Facilitator guide  1 for each facilitator

 Participants manual  1 for each facilitator and participant

 IMCI photograph booklet, if any  1 for each facilitator and participant

 Videotapes/DVD (oxygen, AVPU,  The titles and sections are listed in facilitator’s

signs malnutrition and wasting, guidelines for the corresponding chapters

ETAT video)

 Set of 10 ETAT wall charts (Large version  1 set for each small group

— to display on the wall)

 video/DVD player  1 per course

 LCD and/or overhead projector  1 per course

Equipment for the training in practical session box

Equipment Number needed for each group

Doll - child size 1 (at least one of either doll)

Doll - baby size 1 (at least one of either doll)

(Baby head with lungs for practicing bag and mask) 1 if available

Self-inflating bag (AMBU) - middle size,1500ml 1

Self-inflating bag (AMBU) - Adult size 1

Mask for infant - round clear plastic 1

Mask - middle size for toddler preferably clear 1

Mask - large size for older children preferably clear 1

Oropharyngeal (Guedel )airways

Adult 1

Child 1

Infant 1

tubing nasal prongs 5

tubing catheters 8 FG 5

Suction catheters size 15 FG 5

IV infusion sets 5

Needles 21G ( for intraosseous insertion) 1 per participant and 10 extra

Syringes

5ml 1 per participant and 5 extra

10ml or 20ml 5

Scalp vein needles 21-23G 5

Cannulae 22-24G 5

Sterile lancets 1 per participant and 5 extra

IV fluids for giving fluids and neck stabilisation 2 X 1L bottles or bags

Normal Saline 2 X 1L bottles or bags

Ringer’s Lactate 1 X 1L bottles or bags

10% Dextrose 1 of each per group

Tape (3 sizes) 10

Gauze swabs 3

Small cup to put some coloured water

Cotton wool

Cardboard to make splints

Towels (for neck stabilisation)

Equipment for the whole group

Food colouring 1 per course

Chicken thighs if not available can use alternatives such

as young pork or lamb ribs 1 per participant and facilitator

1 ml syringe (Tuberculin) for per rectum drugs 5

Test strips (Dextrostix) 10

Scale for blood glucose (on dextrostix container) 1

DRUGS Number for whole group

Diazepam IV or paraldehyde 5

50% Dextrose 5

ORS packets 5

ReSoMal commercially bought or prepared 5

ANNEX TWO - CHECKLIST OF SUPPLIES NEEDED FOR WORK IN CLASS

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Training participants in

triage only and ETAT and

IMCI

Annex Three

A: Training participants in triage assessment only

Some health workers will have responsibility to do triage assessment of children

but not administer treatment. For example, this would be the situation for a

health worker who will only triage children in a long queue. If a child with

emergency signs is found, the health worker would call for immediate assistance

or safely take the child to an emergency treatment area where he will be given

emergency care by other staff. Eligible for this type of training are watchmen,

gate keepers, administrative staff and drivers. Training for this worker should be

modified to match his responsibility. Training should cover:

 Module 1 of the ETAT course

 Recognition of all the emergency clinical signs

 Flow of the assessment flowchart (Here the worker learns the

appropriate response when certain emergency signs are found, to either

to continue the assessment or stop assessment and immediately transfer

the child to emergency room)

The training and clinical practice may be the same as that of other workers

during Module 1. Thereafter, training should focus on identifying the emergency

clinical signs and the flow of the ETAT chart 1: Triage of all sick children.

assessment flowchart. The health worker should practice these skills in a situation

similar to the actual work situation. For example, the participant(s) and a

facilitator would go to the queue of children and practice doing triage assessment

and transfer of children with emergency signs.

B: ETAT and IMCI training courses

Some participants in the ETAT course will have completed training on the

Integrated Management of Childhood Illness for first-level health workers. In the

IMCI course, participants learned and practised identifying many clinical signs.

Some of those clinical signs are also used in the ETAT course. The ETAT training

will teach both new clinical signs, and review the IMCI signs relevant to ETAT.

Listed below are all the clinical signs in the ETAT flowchart. The signs that will

already be known by participants who have had IMCI training are listed on the

right.

ANNEX THREE - TRAINING PARTICIPANTS IN TRIAGE ONLY AND ETAT AND IMCI

ETAT signs not taught in IMCI

Not breathing

Central cyanosis

Severe respiratory distress

Obstructed breathing

Cold hand with:

Capillary refill longer than 3 seconds

Weak and fast pulse

Sick young infant less than 2 months of age

Major burn

Any respiratory distress

Urgent referral note from another facility

Head or neck trauma

ETAT signs taught in the IMCI course

Coma ("unconscious" in IMCI training)

Convulsing

Diarrhoea

Lethargy

Sunken eyes

Very slow skin pinch

Visible severe wasting

Oedema of both feet

Severe pallor

Continually irritable and restless

ETAT classifications taught in the IMCI course

(participants learn the combination of clinical signs for

these classifications):

Severe dehydration

Severe malnutrition

CLINICAL SIGNS AND CLASSIFICATIONS IN THE ETAT FLOWCHART

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Participant's checklists

Annex Four

A: Clinical signs

RECORD IN THE BOX BELOW EACH CLINICAL SIGN YOU OBSERVE IN A CHILD DURING

DEMONSTRATION OR CLINICAL PRACTICE

Not breathing Obstructed breathing Central cyanosis Severe respiratory distress

Cold hand Capillary refill longer Weak and fast pulse

than 3 seconds

Coma Convulsion

Severe dehydration Sunken eyes Very slow skin pinch Head/neck trauma

Emergency Signs Observed

Any respiratory distress Visible severe wasting Oedema of both feet Severe pallor

Sick young infant less Continually irritable Lethargy Hot child

than 2 months of age and restless

Poisoning Major burn Urgent referral note

from another facility

Priority Signs Observed

Practical sessions

1. Manage the Airway

2. Position the Child

3. Give oxygen

4. Give diazepam rectally

5. Peripheral IV placement

6. Give rapid fluids

7. Give IV glucose

8. Intraosseous infusion

9. Case Management

______ Case 1

______ Case 2

______ Case 3

B: Practical skills completed

Skills

Back slaps/chest thrusts

Stabilize the cervical spine

Correct head position (infants)

Correct head position (children)

Ventilate with bag and mask

Correct attachment of O

tubes

Calculate correct dose

Measure distance to rectum

Identify charts for Rx of shock

Identify all sites for IV

Calculate fluid dose

Monitor fluid dose

Calculate glucose dose

Calculate volume

Identify site for IO

Demonstrate on chicken thigh

For each case scenario

Instructor's Initials

ANNEX FOUR - PARTICIPANT'S CHECKLISTS

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Answers to ETAT

assessment questions

Annex Five

1. Define “triage”.

2. When and where should triage take place?

3. Who should do triaging?

4. What do the letters A, B, C and D in "ABCD" stand for?

The sentence should read: Triage is the sorting of patients into priority groups according to their needs

and the resources available. (See page 3)

This assessment will decide whether the patient needs to be seen immediately and receive any life-saving

treatment, or be seen soon as a priority, or can safely wait in the queue until his/her turn. (See page 3). It

can be done in the OPD, emergency room or in the wards.

Assessment questions: Triage

A person who is trained to assess the seriousness of sick children should see all of them on their arrival

in hospital.

The letters A, B, C and D (see page 4) stand for:

A Airway

B Breathing

C Circulation, Coma and Convulsions

D Diarrhoea and Dehydration

5. List the priority signs:

The following are priority signs (see page 4):

- Tiny baby (any sick child is under 2 months of age)

- Temperature: child is very hot

- Trauma

- Pallor (severe)

- Poisoning

- Pain (severe)

- Respiratory distress

- Restless, continuously irritable or lethargic

- Referral (urgent)

- Malnutrition (visible severe wasting)

- Oedema of both feet

- Burns

7. A three-year old girl is carried in her mother's arms wrapped in a blanket, in the queue. Her airway and

breathing are OK. She has cold hands. Her capillary refill is 1.5 seconds. She is alert. Asked if the child has

had diarrhoea, the mother answered "YES. Four loose stools per day". The skin pinch takes 3 seconds. How

do you triage this child?

8. A four-year old male child was rushed in. He convulsed one hour ago. He is

breathing fast but there is no cyanosis and no respiratory distress. He feels very hot, but responds quickly to

questions. He has no diarrhoea or vomiting. How do you triage this child?

6. Put the actions in the right chronological order: what will you do first, what next, what after that, and so on,

and what last?

2 Ask about head or neck trauma

4 Call a senior health worker to see any emergency

5 Have blood specimens taken for laboratory analysis

6 Look for any priority signs

1 Look for emergency signs

8 Move on to the next patient

7 Place priority patients at the front of the queue

3 Start treatment of any emergency signs you find

Actions are given in the correct chronological order on the right:

Assessment is made following ABCD. The steps ABCD for emergency signs are normal. Now the child can

be assessed for “P” priority signs.

Again, following the ABCD steps, the child does not have “E” emergency signs so the next step is to look for

priority signs. On assessment of priority signs, the child is very hot, so the child is given priority for a full

assessment.

ANNEX FIVE - ANSWERS TO ETAT ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

14. What should you do if the child has a priority sign?

13. Below what age is a child always a priority?

12. Where do you look for signs of severe wasting?

11. What signs of malnutrition do you check during triage?

10. A two-year old male is rushed to your clinic acutely convulsing. How do you triage this child?

9. A one-year old had a seizure at home; then again outside the clinic. He became unconscious. His breathing

sounds very wet and noisy and there is drooling coming from his mouth. He is looking blue. How do you

triage this child?

The assessment follows the ABCD steps. First assess the airway, this child is drooling and may have

obstructed breathing and is cyanosed. He therefore has emergency signs in under “A” and should be sent

to the emergency room.

The assessment follows the ABCD steps. First assess the airway, breathing, and circulation, no positive

signs are provided here. The child is convulsing and has emergency signs in under “C” and should be sent

to the emergency room.

You check for visible severe wasting and oedema of both feet.

Signs of severe wasting are best visible on the chest, arms, thighs and buttocks; the skin looks too large

for the body.

A child below the age of two months is always a priority.

When children are found to have a priority sign you will put them to the front of the queue so that they

will be seen as soon as possible.

Assessment questions: Airway and breathing

5. What size of tubing should you use for a nasal catheter?

4. When opening the airway of an infant (<12 months) who has not been subjected to trauma, name the

part of the body that should point upwards.

3. Does stridor occur in inspiration or expiration?

2. List three signs of severe respiratory distress:

1. List the three things you do to check airway and breathing:

Look, listen and feel (see page 17).

Any of:

- Very fast breathing

- Severe lower chest in drawing

- Use of auxiliary muscles (head nod or head bob)

- Laboured breathing

- Inability to feed because of respiratory problems

- Child exhausted

- Noises including stridor or grunting

Inspiration, on breathing in (see page 18).

An infant (<12 months) who has not been subjected to trauma should be positioned with the nose pointing

upwards (towards the roof) when opening the airway (see page 15-16).

You should use size 6-8 F gauge for a nasal catheter (see page 21).

7. You have successfully removed a coin from the trachea (windpipe) of a three-year old boy by applying

Heimlich's manoeuvre. You checked his respiration and found that he was breathing normally. What do

you do next?

6. At what flow (volume/time) should oxygen be started?

Oxygen flow (volume/time) should be started at 0.5-1 litres per minute in infants and 1-2 litres per minute

in children (see page 20).

Airway and breathing are normal, so next assess the circulation.

ANNEX FIVE - ANSWERS TO ETAT ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

8. A 4-year old boy hit by a bicycle was carried in on a blanket. The child was unconscious responding only

to pain. His breathing was noisy. What do you do?

10. A three-year old boy is carried into the outpatient department in his father's arms. He is pale, floppy and

having difficulty breathing. His father says he has been unwell and coughing for 3 days. Weight 14kg.

He breathes fast with heavy severe chest indrawing. The airway is patent. He is alert. How do you triage

this child? What do you do?

9. A nine-month girl and her older brother have been playing in the emergency department with an old

bead necklace, suddenly the child is brought to you by one of the nurses, the child is choking. What do

you do?

This child is at risk of neck trauma so stabilize the neck (see chart 5).

Manage the airway (see chart 4).

Inspect the mouth and remove foreign body if present

Clear the secretions

Check the airway (look listen and feel)

Manage the airway (jaw thrust)

Insert oropharyngeal airway if the child will accept this

Give oxygen or if child not breathing well give bag and mask ventilation

Keep child warm

When airway and breathing stable, check circulation

The baby is choking, on assessment of airway you note her breathing is obstructed.

You need to manage the choking infant by:

- laying the infant on your arm or thigh on her front in a head down position and giving 5 back blows

with the heel of your hand

- If this is unsuccessful, turn the infant over and give 5 chest thrusts

- check the mouth, if not successful for removable foreign body

- repeat sequence if not successful

Assess the child’s airway and breathing, check for cyanosis and obstruction. This child has severe

respiratory distress. He needs to go to the emergency area and the airway should be managed, ensure

there is no foreign body aspiration (on history), position the child to improve the airway, clear secretions, and

give oxygen (via nasal prongs or nasal catheter), make sure the child is warm.

Assessment questions: Circulation

ANNEX FIVE - ANSWERS TO ETAT ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

1. Define a normal capillary refill time.

2. If you cannot feel the radial pulse in an older child, which pulse should you look for next?

3. Name the two types of fluid you can give to treat shock initially.

4. Which fluid would you give to a child in shock with signs of severe malnutrition?

5. What volume of fluid would you give to a well nourished one-year old weighing 11 kg who is in shock?

6. How many times can you give this bolus of fluid in shock before calling a senior health worker?

7. In triage of a two-year old girl you find her hands are warm, what do you do next?

9. In triage of a 10-year old boy who was rushed to emergency after falling from a coconut palm half an

hour earlier, you find his hands are cold and the capillary refill time is longer than three seconds. What do

you do next?

8. In triage of an 18-month old, well-fed boy, you find his hands are cold. What do you do next?

10. What are two contra-indications for setting up an intraosseous infusion?

The capillary refill time should be less than 3 seconds (see page 25).

If you cannot feel the radial pulse in an older child, you should look for the carotid pulse (see page 25-26).

The two types of fluid you can give to treat shock initially are Ringer’s lactate or normal saline.

The fluids you would give to a child in shock with signs of severe malnutrition are: preferably Ringer’s lactate

or half-normal saline or half-strength Darrow’s solution with 5% glucose (dextrose) (see chart 7).

The volume of fluid you would give to a well-nourished one-year-old weighing 11kg who is in shock is 11kg x

20 ml/kg, i.e. 220 ml.

You can give this bolus of fluid to the child in shock not more than three times before calling in a senior

health worker.

If, during triage of a 2-year-old girl, her hands are found to be warm, you will next assess her consciousness.

If, during triage of a well-fed 18-month-old boy, his hands are found to be cold, you will next check the

capillary refill time.

This child is in shock and should be taken immediately to the emergency room and treated. An IV should be

inserted then blood taken and he should be given 20ml/kg of IV fluids. He should next be assessed for

coma and convulsion.

Two contra-indications for setting up an intraosseous infusion are: infection at the puncture site and

fracture of the bone (not absolute).

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

12. A four-months old baby is brought to hospital with fever, rapid breathing and refusing to breastfeed. She

has had 2 episodes of vomiting and watery diarrhoea. Weight 5 kg. Her hands are cold. The capillary

refill is 6 seconds. The femoral pulse is palpable but fast and weak. There is no chest indrawing and

there are no abormal respiratory noises. How do you triage the baby? How do you manage the baby?

11. Can you give blood through an intraosseous infusion? And antibiotics, in case these are needed?

All fluids discussed in this course (including blood) can be given through an intraosseous infusion. All

drugs used in emergencies that can be given IV, including antibiotics, may also be given by this route.

Based on the ABCD steps, the baby does not have severe respiratory distress, however she is in shock. She

should be treated with normal saline IV 20 ml/kg fast and reassessed.

ANNEX FIVE - ANSWERS TO ETAT ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

Assessment questions: Coma and convulsions

1. What do the letters AVPU stand for?

2. What is the cut-off level for low blood sugar?

3. How much 10% glucose would you give to a six-month-old weighing 8 kg and having a low blood sugar?

4. A child who is unconscious, with no history of trauma, but maintaining the airway should be put in which

position?

5. How much rectal diazepam (in ml of the 10mg/2ml solution) would you give to a four-yearold weighing 15

kg who is having a convulsion? How long should you wait before giving a second dose if the convulsion

does not stop?

6. A 15-month old girl has been sleeping all day. She does not answer to a call from her mother. But she

responds to a pinch on her chest. What stage of AVPU do you assign her? While on examination, she

started to move her limbs abnormally and her eyes rolled sideways and there were frothy secretions in her

mouth. What is the most appropriate measure to take?

A When child is Alert

V When child responds to Voice

P When child responds to Pain

U When child is unresponsive, thus Unconscious.

2.5 mmol/litre

You would give 40 ml (5ml/kg) of 10% glucose to a 6-month-old weighing 8kg who has a low blood sugar.

The recovery position

You would give 1.5 ml (i.e. 7.5 mg) of rectal diazepam (10 mg/2ml) to a 4-year-old weighing 15 kg who was

having a convulsion. You should wait 10 minutes before giving a second dose if the convulsion does not stop.

The child responds to Pain, she is assigned P in the AVPU scoring

The child is having a convulsion and you should assess and manage her airway. You need to clear

secretion and give oxygen

If easily done, check blood sugar, if low (<2.5 in normally nourished child), insert IV and give glucose IV

(5ml/kg of 10% glucose)

Stop convulsion with anticonvulsant (rectal diazepam or paraldehyde)

Then position the child if unconscious

7. A two-year old boy is carried in by his grandmother. He weighs 12 kg. He is hot and having a seizure.

What are the next steps to stop the convulsion? And when the convulsion stops, what do you do?

To stop the convulsion the child can be given an anti-convulsant (rectal diazepam or paraldehyde). The child

may have low blood sugar so this should be checked and treated if low. It is important to manage the airway

and give oxygen. When the convulsion stops the child should be put in the recovery position.

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

8. A three-year old girl was brought in because she was abnormally sleepy and not responding at all. The

father said he took her to a nearby clinic for cough and vomiting and he was being given tablets. She did

not take any food. What is the next most appropriate step?

9. An 18-month old boy has been unwell and feverish for two days. He complains of abdominal pain and his

mother has noticed that he has fast breathing. He weighs 11 kg. His airway is fine, and he has no chest

indrawing. There is no history of diarrhoea. However, the boy started to convulse while being examined.

What are the most appropriate measures?

10. A 10-week old baby was brought in. His mother says he will not suckle today because he is crying a lot. He

feels very hot on touch. He weighs 3.5 kg. Airway, breathing and circulation are normal. There is no history

of diarrhoea and no dehydration. How do you triage the baby? What are the next steps?

11. A 14-month old girl has been sleeping all day. She is irritable when awoken, but rouses to loud voice or

shaking her arm. Her hands are warm but look a bit pale. The mother says she has no diarrhoea or

vomiting. Her breathing is deep and her lower chest wall goes in when she breathes in. How do you

triage this child? What are the next steps?

The child should be triaged using ABCD. She has emergency signs. The child should be assessed for

coma using the AVPU score. The child is unconscious U.

The next steps are to manage the airway as described in sections A and B. The blood glucose should be

checked and treated if low with IV glucose. The child should be put into the recovery position. The remainder

of the assessment should then be completed.

The child is having a convulsion and you should assess and manage his airway. You may need to clear

secretion and give oxygen

If easily done, check blood sugar, if low (<2.5 in normally nourished child), insert IV and give glucose IV

(5ml/kg of 10% glucose)

Stop convulsion with anticonvulsant (rectal diazepam or paraldehyde)

Then position the child if unconscious

Then complete the rest of the assessment

The child has normal airway, breathing and circulation. He requires to be assessed for coma and

convulsions. He should be assessed for coma using the AVPU score .If the score is P or U he should be

managed for coma, a blood glucose checked and treated with IV glucose if low. If the score is A or V, he

should be assessed for priority signs.

The child at least has one priority sign (feels very hot and he may have pain) and should go to the head of

the queue and a health worker informed.

The child should be triaged using ABCD. The child has normal airway, breathing and circulation. The child

should be assessed for coma using the AVPU score and her score is V. She is lethargic. She has no

diarrhoea. She is pale and has 2 priority signs and should be assessed quickly by a health worker though

she is not an emergency.

ANNEX FIVE - ANSWERS TO ETAT ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

Assessment questions: Dehydration

3. A three-year old weighing 15 kg is severely dehydrated. He has received 450 ml of fluid in 30 minutes.

How much fluid are you going to give him next, and over what period of time?

4. If you cannot set up a drip, how much nasogastric fluid (ml/kg) should you give a child in an hour?

A skin pinch is abnormal if it remains for longer than 2 seconds (see page 41).

2. An eight-month old weighing 6 kg is severely dehydrated. How much fluid would you give in the first

hour? For how long would you give the second lot of fluid in the same child?

1. An abnormal skin pinch takes longer than _____________ to go back.

You should give 180 ml of fluid in the first hour to an 8-month-old weighing 6 kg who is severely dehydrated.

The second lot of fluid is given over 5 hours.

To a 3-year-old weighing 15 kg who is severely dehydrated and has received 450 ml of fluid in 30 minutes,

you would give 70 ml/kg times 15, i.e. 1050 ml of IV fluid over 2½ hours.

If you cannot set up a drip, you should give the child nasogastric fluid at the rate of 20 ml/kg per hour for 6

hours (see page 43).

6. Amaru is two-year old and weighs 8 kg. He is breathing comfortably and not in shock, but has diarrhoea.

A health worker finds Amaru to be lethargic, but able to drink. His eyes are sunken, and a skin pinch

goes back very slowly. The health worker decides that Amaru has diarrhoea with severe dehydration,

then checks for severe malnutrition and sees visible severe wasting. What is the appropriate treatment

for Amaru's dehydration?

5. Barec is three-years old and weighs 15 kg. His mother said that his diarrhoea started yesterday. The

health worker's assessment found that Barec was not in shock and that he was breathing adequately. He

was lethargic and not able to drink, had sunken eyes and a skin pinch went back very slowly. He was not

severely malnourished but had diarrhoea with severe dehydration. How should the health worker treat

Barec's dehydration?

What amount of fluid should Barec be given initially?

Barec's dehydration? Begin IV fluid immediately.

What amount of fluid should Barec be given initially? 450 ml (30 ml x 15 kg) of IV fluid in the first 30

minutes.

Because he is severely malnourished, he needs immediate assessment and treatment. Do not give IV fluids

but give ReSoMal 5ml/kg every 30 minutes for the first 2 hours, then 5-10ml/kg/hour for the next 4-6 hours.

Also check blood glucose and treat if <3mmol/l (see page 44).

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

7. Dano is eight months old and weighs 6 kg. He has had diarrhoea for a week and is very sick. He is

breathing adequately and is not in shock. The health worker sees that Dano's eyes are sunken. When

encouraged, Dano is able to take a sip of water, but drinks poorly. A skin pinch goes back very slowly. The

health worker finds Dano has diarrhoea with severe dehydration. He is not severely malnourished. How

much IV fluid should be given to Dano in the first hour?

Should the health worker give Dano ORS solution? If so, how much?

8. Sharita is nine months old and weighs 7 kg. Her mother brings her to the clinic because she has had

diarrhoea for a week. The mother tells the health worker that Sharita is no longer breastfed, and is too tired

to drink from a cup. The health worker assesses Sharita. He finds that she is breathing adequately. Her

hands are cold and her pulse is weak and fast. He decides that she is in shock. She is lethargic, has

sunken eyes, and a skin pinch goes back very slowly. The health worker decides Sharita has severe

dehydration. She is not malnourished. What emergency treatment should the health worker give Sharita?

How much IV fluid should be given to Dano in the first hour? 180 ml (30 ml x 6 kg)

Should the health worker give ORS solution? Yes

If so, how much? The health worker should encourage Dano to sip ORS solution, while the drip is being set

up and while he is receiving IV fluid. The health worker should give about 30 ml (5 ml x 6 kg) of ORS

solution per hour.

She should first be treated for shock, following the instructions in ETAT chart 6, an intravenous line should

be inserted and fluids given rapidly. She should initially be given 140 ml Ringer’s lactate or normal saline

solution as bolus.

9. Rogit, an 18-month-old boy weighing 8 kg, is brought to the small hospital very late at night. The health

worker assesses the boy and finds that he is alert and crying and not in shock. He can drink, but very

poorly, and a skin pinch goes back very slowly. The health worker decides the child has diarrhoea with

severe dehydration. He is not malnourished.

The child needs fluid for severe dehydration given according to Plan C, but the health worker is not trained

to give IV therapy. The last nurse has left for the night and no other nurses will come in for several hours.

The health worker is trained to give nasogastric therapy and has ORS available. How should Rogit be

rehydrated?

How much fluid should the health worker give initially?

10. A one-year old girl has a two-day history of diarrhoea and vomiting. Her weight is 6.5 kg. She is restless

and irritable. Her airway and breathing are OK. Her hands are warm. AVPU=voice. Skin pinch lasts 4

seconds. Her eyes are sunken and the mother confirms this fact. She is skin and bones. How do you

manage her?

How should Rogit be rehydrated? The health worker can insert a nasogastric tube and give Rogit ORS

solution.

How much fluid should the health worker give initially? He should have 160ml per hour for 6 hours (20ml/kg/

hour).

In this baby airway, breathing, circulation, coma are normal. There is no convulsion. The child has diarrhoea

and appears to be dehydrated. The child is not shocked. This child appears malnourished, therefore IV fluids

should be avoided. Give the child oral or naso-gastric ReSoMal 5ml/kg every 30 minutes for the first 2 hours.

Check the blood sugar, if it is <3mmol/L treat this with IV glucose. The child should then have 5-10ml/kg/hr

ReSoMal and be managed by appropriate inpatient guidelines.

ANNEX FIVE - ANSWERS TO ETAT ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

Evaluation

Annex Six

A: ETAT course evaluation form for participants

1. What was most useful and can be put into practice?

2. What will you not be able to do in your setting?

3. What was most difficult to understand?

4. Was the training clear?

5. Was the time adequate?

6. For whom is ETAT suitable?

7. Which type of learning session did you find most helpful?

8. Did doing IMCI make ETAT easier?

9. Did you have enough time to practice the assessment?

10. Would ETAT be good for health workers without IMCI training?

11. Do you now feel prepared to teach ETAT (scale 1-5, where 1 - least confident and 5 - most confident)?

12. Were there any things the workshop could have included to better prepare you to start ETAT?

ANNEX SIX - AEVALUATION

13. Were there any things that could have been done to prepare you better to be an ETAT facilitator?

14. What part of ETAT do you feel most confident about?

15. What part of the ETAT course do you feel least confident about?

EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

16. Score the utility of the course for your work (scale 1-5)?

Suggestions/ comments

B: Notes for facilitators

The assessment of whether participants have had sufficient clinical experience

is two-fold.

Do participants perform emergency triage assessment and treatment on

children in the clinic with sufficient skill and confidence, making no or

very few errors, performing without unacceptable delays, working as a

team?

Only observing the work of participants in the clinical setting can assess this. If

the answer is no, the participants need additional practice, with guidance, to

develop the skill, speed and ease. Learning takes time, and learning to perform

any difficult skill well takes more time and practice. If necessary, the facilitators

should extend the training to allow more clinical practice sessions. Do this by

either conducting additional clinical sessions in the same location (on additional

days, at a time when many cases present) or conducting clinical sessions at

another facility where severely ill children present.

Have participants had experience recognizing the full range of emergency

and priority signs, and performing the full range of emergency treatments?

Assess this by checking what clinical signs participants have observed (check

their checklists and/or discuss among all facilitators). For example, if signs of

shock were not observed (or rarely observed), participants have not had sufficient

experience recognizing these signs or giving emergency treatments for shock. In

this case, and particularly if there are several signs not sufficiently seen or treated,

participants are not prepared enough for their work. The facilitators/lead

instructor should make arrangements for participants to gain that experience as

described above.

In addition, to ensure that participants perform the ETAT adequately in their

work, it will be most effective if a facilitator can accompany them and give them

guidance and support on the first few days using ETAT in the actual setting.

The facilitator can help by answering questions as needed and giving clinical

opinions and suggestions. The facilitator will also help by giving support and

encouragement as the participants work under pressure and gain increasing

experience.

ANNEX SIX - AEVALUATION